刑事賠償運動自十八世紀下半葉在法國興起之後，歐洲大陸國家以及部分美洲國家到十九世紀末已經基本建立起刑事賠償法律制度。20世紀上半葉以來，美國以及亞洲的日本等國家或地區再次掀起新一輪的刑事賠償運動。尤其是國際以及地區性人權公約的制定及其超國家的人權機構的相繼建立，刑事賠償已經成為受害公民的基本權利以及各個國家應當承擔的國際法上的義務。1994年年5月12日，第八屆全國人民代表大會常務委員會第七次會議審議通過了《中華人民共和國國家賠償法》，其中第三章規定了刑事賠償的範圍、賠償義務機關以及賠償程式，第四章規定了刑事賠償的方式和計算標準，標誌著中國國家責任制度的正式確立。該法於1995年1月1日起施行，並於2010年4月29日經第十一屆全國人民代表大會常務委員會第十四次會議審議通過，首次對國家賠償法刑事賠償部分作了較大範圍的修改，涉及刑事賠償程式、範圍、精神損害賠償以及賠償金支付等諸多內容。修正前的國家賠償法被稱之為1994年《中華人民共和國國家賠償法》，修正後則被稱之為2010年《中華人民共和國國家賠償法》 。在國家賠償法施行以來的20多年間，刑事賠償“求償難”“執行難”以及“隱性賠償”等問題始終非常突出 。

本文重點研究中國刑事賠償制度中的利益失衡問題。鑒於刑事賠償責任制度的特殊性及多樣性，作者在研究中採用了多種研究方法，包括文獻分析方法、歷史考察方法、比較研究方法、案例研究方法等等，試圖從不同的視角對刑事賠償中的利益失衡問題進行分析研究，確保研究成果盡可能符合真實性與科學性的要求。全文共分三個部分，第一部分為第一章，主要是介紹選擇本研究課題的緣由、目的及其價值，並重點對歐洲國家、普通法國家以及我國刑事賠償領域的研究文獻進行綜合評述，為展開本文研究奠定基礎。

第二部分包括第二至四章，主要研究中國刑事賠償立法中的利益不平衡問題以及刑事賠償司法及外部環境因素加劇並不斷扭曲造成的利益不平衡問題。其中：第二章研究中國刑事賠償立法中的利益失衡問題，以刑事賠償利益失衡的前置性問題為邏輯起點，對中國刑事賠償立法中的利益失衡問題的逐步展開分析論證。主要包括：一、影響刑事賠償立法利益失衡的因素；二、刑事賠償立法中公共利益優先原則帶來的利益失衡；三、人身自由金賠償中的利益失衡；四、財產損害賠償中的利益失衡；五、精神損害賠償中的利益失衡等內容。第三章研究中國刑事賠償司法中的利益失衡問題，包括賠償義務機關制度中的利益失衡、賠償委員會制度中的利益失衡以及司法政策引發的利益失衡三個方面的內容。第四章研究中國刑事賠償制度實施中各種環境因素對利益平衡問題帶來的影響。這些因素，主要包括：政府及其財政部門的行為、公共輿論的進入以及受害人的權利救濟行為的選擇等因素。

第三部分為論文第五章，重點研究中國刑事賠償中利益失衡的改革問題。在闡述中國刑事賠償中利益失衡改革指導思想的基礎上，本文提出七個方面的改革建議：一是制定單獨的刑事賠償法；二是中央財政保障刑事賠償費用；三是刑事賠償程式的訴訟化改造；四是刑事賠償主體請求權的主體資格設定；五是刑事賠償原則及其標準設定；六是刑事賠償損害範圍的劃定；七是金錢賠償之外的修復性救濟，呼籲建立綜合性的刑事賠償救濟制度。

第四部分是論文的結論部分。作者認為，只有更多地關注國家刑事司法侵權行為的特殊性以及無辜公民受到的持久性傷害，堅持問題導向並以權利救濟為核心，進而精心設計刑事賠償的範圍、標準、程式及其責任原則，才有可能實現刑事賠償中各種利益關係的合理平衡。同時，賠償總是次佳，預防更為重要，必須對刑事司法制度進行同步改革，保證保證冤案不會發生，才是對公民權利最為有效的救濟。這符合國際上刑事賠償制度改革的趨勢，也有利於實現刑事賠償中各種利益關係的相對平衡。

本文的貢獻或者創新之處在于，作者借助于大量的法律文本、研究文獻以及具體案例，從國家責任豁免理論出發，對中國刑事賠償立法、司法以及環境因素引發的各種利益不平衡問題進行研究，分析刑事賠償制度實施過程出現的“求償難”“執行難”以及“隱性賠償”問題的根源，並在此基礎上提出了“受害者人中心主義”的刑事賠償立法指導思想，為刑事冤錯案件受害人提供綜合性以及修復性的救濟，進而實現刑事賠償中國家利益與受害公民個人利益的合理平衡。

Criminal compensation campaigns rose in France in the second half of the 18th century, and the criminal compensation system had been essentially established in Continental countries and some American countries by the late 19th century. A new round of criminal compensation campaign has been launched in the United States, Japan and other countries or regions in Asia since the first half of the 20th century. Especially with the formulation of international or regional human rights conventions and establishment of relevant organizations, criminal compensation has become a basic civil right and an international obligation worldwide. On May 12, 1994, the Seventh Session of the Standing Committee of the Eighth National People's Congress deliberated and passed the Law of the People's Republic of China on State Compensation, where Chapter III stipulated criminal compensation scope, organs for compensatory obligations and compensation procedures, and Chapter IV stipulated criminal compensation methods and calculation standards, representing the establishment of state compensation system. The law had been implemented since January 1, 1995, and was deliberated and approved on the Fourteenth Session of the Standing Committee of the Eleventh National People's Congress on April 29, 2010, for the first time, modified the criminal compensation part of the State Compensation Law on a large scale, including criminal compensation procedures, scope, mental damage compensation, compensation payment, etc. The State Compensation Law was referred to as State Compensation Law of the People’s Republic of China of 1994 whilst the amended one was referred to as State Compensation Law of the People’s Republic of China of 2010. The problems such as "Difficulty in Claim for Compensation", "Difficulty in Enforcement"and "Implicit Compensation" in criminal compensation have always been significant since more than 20 years ago where the State Compensation Law was first implemented.

To focus on the problem of interest imbalance in criminal compensation in China, the author adopted a variety of research methods, including literature analysis method, historical investigation method, comparison research method, case study method to study the interest imbalance in criminal compensation from different angles, seeking to make research results authentic and scientific to the greatest extent. The paper is divided into three parts. The first part is Chapter I, which mainly includes the reason, purpose and value of selecting the research subject, and an overview of research literature of criminal compensation field in European countries, common law countries and China, laying the foundation for the research in this paper.

The second part contains Chapters II, III and IV, which mainly studies the interest imbalance in the criminal compensation legislation in China and the interest imbalance increasingly intensified and distorted by criminal compensation justice and external environmental factors. Among them, the Chapter II studies interest imbalance in the criminal compensation legislation in China with prerequisite problems of criminal compensation imbalance as the logical starting point. Mainly includes: 1. The factors that influence the imbalance of criminal compensation legislation; 2. Imbalance of public interest priority principle in the criminal compensation legislation in China; 3. Interest imbalance in personal freedom compensation; 4. Interest imbalance in property damage compensation; 5. Interest imbalance in mental damage compensation. Chapter III studies interest imbalance in the criminal compensation justice in China, which includes three aspects, namely, interest imbalance in the system of organs liable for compensation, interest imbalance in the system of compensation committee and interest imbalance caused by judicial policy. Chapter IV studies the influence of various environmental factors on interest balance of criminal compensation in China. These factors mainly include influence of government behavior, influence of public opinions and influence of victim's right relief behavior.

The third part is Chapter V, focusing on the reform of interest imbalance in criminal compensation in China. Seven suggestions for the reform are proposed based on elaborating the guiding ideology of the reform for interest imbalance in criminal compensation in China: first, develop a separate criminal compensation law; second, the central financial department shall guarantee compensation expenses; third, conduct litigation reform for criminal compensation procedures; fourth, set subject qualification standard for application of criminal compensation; fifth, set principles and standards for criminal compensation; sixth, divide scopes for criminal compensation damage; seventh, add remedial relief beyond monetary compensation to call for a comprehensive relief system for criminal compensation.

The fourth part is the conclusion. The author thinks that, only by paying more attention to the particularity of national criminal judicial torts and persistent damage to innocent citizens and adhering to problem orientation with right relief as the core to elaborate scopes, standards procedures and responsibility principles of criminal compensation, can the balance of various interests be realized in criminal compensation. Meanwhile, compensation is an inferior choice and prevention is foremost. The criminal justice systems must be reformed in a synchronous way to ensure that the unjust cases will not happen, which is the most effective relief for civil rights.

The contribution or innovation made by this paper is that, the author studies the imbalance of interests caused by the legislation, justice and environmental factors of China's criminal compensation with the help of a large number of legal texts, research literature and specific cases, analyzes the root causes of "Difficulty in Claim for Compensation", "Difficulty in Enforcement"and "Implicit Compensation" in the implementation process of criminal compensation system, and based on this, puts forward the legislative guiding concept of criminal compensation on a basis of "victim centralism" to provide comprehensive and restorative assistance for the victims in unjust criminal cases, so as to achieve a reasonable balance between the interests of the state and the personal interests of the victims in criminal compensation.