企業家特質, 企業創新能力與社會網絡對 OEM 向 OBM 轉型的影響研究

: 基於中國紡織產業的實證

Abstract

中國製造在處於價值鏈低端的情況下，主要以OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer )的方式發揮自己的勞動力低成本優勢，取得了迅速的發展，成為製造大國。但是這種模式的基礎是國際間產業的不平等分工。發達國家憑藉佔據著產業價值鏈的高端，分享更多地附加值，在全球產業分工中的競爭優勢越來越明顯。中國的傳統發展模式則產生了貿易摩擦、勞資矛盾、環境保護、效益低下等問題。 中國紡織產業的發展歷程就是中國製造發展的縮影，中國紡織產業是依託勞動力成本優勢得以迅速發展的勞動密集型產業。中國是一個紡織品出口大國，但是從全球價值鏈視角看，仍處於全球價值鏈低端，有量的優勢，但沒有技術創新優勢，在全球價值鏈的關鍵品牌與行銷管道等方面上差距較大。要提升中國紡織產業的國際競爭能力，必須研究如何在價值鏈的關鍵環節上有話語權。針對目前中國紡織行業所處價值鏈的位置來說，OEM向OBM（Own Branding & Manufacturing）轉型是紡織業升級的重要路徑。 本研究聚焦企業家特質和行業情景對企業創新能力構建和企業社會網路構建的影響，探索實現企業從OEM向OBM轉型的資源和能力基礎；揭示不同因素對企業向OBM升級的影響程度差異，評估不同因素的相互替代或者互補作用，為中國企業的轉型升級和政策提供理論支援。本課題以紡織產業為實證研究物件，通過問卷調查、統計分析和案例研究發現： 企業家特質對企業社會網路的建設有著顯著的影響。由於創新需要企業網路的支援，而且一些創新的念頭和思維也往往來自於與不同領域的人們交流獲得的啟發。因此，較高創新傾向的企業家會與上下游企業、行業協會、 專業機構建立更緊密的網路聯繫。同時，較高學習傾向的企業家也會建立更 緊密的合作網路以便能夠學習必要的創新知識，以及在創新過程中形成必要 的合作。 企業家特質對企業創新能力有顯著影響。高層管理層的知識經驗會進一 步影響企業的創新方向。重大的創新往往需要使用全新的知識或者打破現有 知識體系，企業家的創新傾向與學習傾向會促進企業家想到新的方法，形成 新的產品組合。同時，企業家的創新傾向對企業OEM 向OBM 轉型成功有 正向影響。 研究發現，在轉型升級過程中，企業需要建立新的合作網路，企業與合 作網路的關係強度與OEM向OBM 成功轉型正相關。企業創新能力對OEM 向OBM 轉型成功也有著正向的作用。同時紡織業外部環境對企業家特質對 企業網路和企業創新能力的影響有調節作用。 本研究課題對當前紡織業面臨轉型升級的關鍵時期，對紡織業乃至製造 業都有一定的借鑒作用。 When China manufacture is in the low-end value chain, China develops manufacture by OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer).OEM can play out advantage of low labor cost, but it is based on inequalities of the international division of labor. The developed countries who share more added-value are in the high-end value chain, and their competitive advantages are raised apparently. On the contrary, China traditional mode has produced many questions of trade friction, labor-capital contradiction, environmental protection, etc. The development of China textile industry is a microcosm of the development of Chinese manufacturing. The rapid development of China textile industry is relying on the labor cost advantage, which is one of the labor-intensive industries. China which is a main textile exporter, from the perspective of global value chain, is still in the low-end global value chain. China textile has the advantage of quantity, but has no advantages of technological innovation. There exits much big gaps in brand and marketing channels compared with developed nations. To enhance the international competitive ability of China textile industry, it is necessary to investigate how to control the key links in the value chain by transformation from OEM to OBM. This study focuses on how the entrepreneur traits, enterprise innovation ability, social networks and industrial environment influence the transformation from OEM to OBM. The paper reveals the influence difference of different factors to the enterprise upgrade level, evaluates alternative or complementary effect of different factors. The research can provide theoretical support and policy suggestions for transformation and upgrading of Chinese enterprises. This study uses textile industry as empirical research object. By questionnaire survey, statistical analysis and case study the paper’s findings is as follows: Traits of entrepreneur have obviously effects on how enterprises construct their social networks. Innovations of Enterprises need the support of enterprise business network, because some innovation thoughts usually come from the communication of people from different areas. As a result, entrepreneurs with high innovation preference tend to keep tight interaction with upstream enterprises, downstream enterprises, industry associations, professional institutions by establishing closer networks. At the same time, entrepreneurs with higher learning orientation establish a closer cooperation network to learn the innovation knowledge, and to form the necessary cooperation in the process of innovation. Traits of entrepreneur have significant influence to the enterprise innovation ability. Experience and knowledge of high-level management further affect the innovation direction of the enterprise. In order to do major innovation enterprises need to use the new knowledge or to break the existing knowledge system. Entrepreneur preferences of innovation and learning promote entrepreneurs think of new ways, form new product portfolio. At the same time, the entrepreneur's innovation tendency has positive influence on enterprise transformation from OEM to OBM. The study found that during the process of transformation and upgrading, enterprises need to build new collaborative networks. Tie strength of enterprise cooperation network positively affects the successful transformation. Enterprise innovation ability also positively affects the enterprise transformation from OEM to OBM. External environment of textile industry exerts regulatory role during traits of entrepreneur, business network and enterprise innovation ability acting on transformation.

Date of Award	3 Oct 2014
Original language	Chinese (Traditional)
Awarding Institution	City University of Hong Kong
Supervisor	Kwok Kee WEI (Supervisor) & Haibin YANG (Co-supervisor)