Wheels of progress: How high-speed railway is shaping human well-being in China

The rapid development of high-speed rail (HSR) is regarded as a pivotal catalyst for social and economic advancement. With the aim of assessing its multifaceted effects on human well-being (HWB), this study proposes the novel C4 conceptual framework to comprehensively evaluate the social impacts of HSR projects on HWB. Kernel density estimation (KDE) is employed to examine the spatial distribution and influence scope of the HSR network. A total of 40,000 samples from the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) data spanning 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2015 were utilized in a hierarchical multiple regression model to investigate the impact of HSR on HWB. The findings indicate that (1) The development of HSR has a significant positive effect on individual health and economic well-being, while its environmental impact has transitioned from negative to positive; (2) From a social connection perspective, HSR development has transformed public emotional connection dynamics, decreasing trust in strangers while strengthening ties with relatives and friends; (3) HSR has been found to enhance employability and results in extended working hours, suggesting a potential impact on work-life balance; (4) In its initial stages, HSR construction can contribute to perceived inequities among the population, though such negative effects are alleviated as the network expands and coverage increases. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd