Wearable and Implantable Drug Delivery System

The advancement of soft electronics has created new opportunities for localized drug delivery [1–3]. Among various energy sources such as light, ultrasound, and magnetism, electric fields provide the most easily controllable parameters, making electro-responsive mechanisms ideal for external stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems. By integrating electronic technologies, electronic drug delivery systems offer the ability to precisely control the release of drug molecules in terms of location, direction, and timing, distinguishing them from traditional chemical or biological drug delivery systems [4–6]. The utilization of soft materials makes these devices compact, customizable, and suitable for application to different parts of the body, including the skin, eyes, or internal organs, without restricting body movements [7–9]. The primary clinical objectives of advanced drug delivery systems are to improve therapeutic efficacy and safety by precisely controlling the rate, timing, and location of drug release within the body [10–13]. © 2026 WILEY-VCH GmbH, Boschstraße 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany. All rights reserved.