Visible-wavelength vectorial holography based on an MIM metasurface

Holography plays a vital role in optics, while conventional methods suffer from complex devices and bulky systems. Metasurfaces, versatile platforms for manipulating light at subwavelength scales, have enabled the realization of compact holographic devices. However, most existing metasurface holograms are limited to scalar fields, modulating only intensity while neglecting polarization information. While vectorial holography has attracted significant attention, particularly utilizing metal–insulator-metal (MIM) structures, achieving high-performance vectorial manipulation at visible wavelengths remains challenging due to high ohmic losses. Here, we demonstrate visible-wavelength vectorial holography using an MIM metasurface. Our approach combines an improved vectorial Gerchberg-Saxton (GS) algorithm with a wave-decomposition technique to design subwavelength meta-atoms. We perform full-wave simulations to demonstrate that it can generate target vectorial holographic images under illumination by circularly polarized light at 633 nm, providing an implementation case for vectorial light-field manipulation in the visible wavelength and demonstrating the potential for realizing advanced vectorial holographic displays in the visible wavelength using standard MIM structures. © The Author(s) 2026.