一维金刚石纳米材料除了具有金刚石固有的物理化学性质以外,其形貌及尺寸的改变也使其拥有一些块体金刚石所没有的特性.如既硬又弹的力学性能、高的比表面积、尖端效应,以及通过掺杂和空位缺陷实现的独特性能等.近年来,一维纳米金刚石材料优异的性能让研究者产生了浓厚的兴趣,并促进了其合成方法及应用的发展.本文对一维纳米金刚石的制备方法进行了简要总结,介绍了一维纳米金刚石阵列在量子信息器件、药物传输、化学与生物传感器、高性能电极、分析传感器等诸多领域近期的研究进展,并讨论了一维纳米金刚石应用所面临的技术挑战和未来的研究方向.

Adding to the unique combination of outstanding intrinsic physical and chemical properties of diamond, one-diamensional (1D) diamond nanostructures, upon the morphological and size control, may have some distinct properties which are not available for their bulk and thin film counterparts, e.g., concurrent ultrahigh hardness and elasticity, enlarged specific surface area, tip effects, and as well the special features induced by doping and vacancy formation. In the past few years, the attractive merits of 1D diamond nanomaterials have promoted the development of various new synthesis methods and applications. 
In this review, we first summarized briefly recent advances in the controlled synthesis of 1D diamond nanostructures. The synthesis of 1D diamond nanostructures can be categories into two groups upon their formation mechanisms, i.e., topdown and bottom-up methods. For the top-down approach, reactive ion etching (RIE) which has been widely used in semiconductor industry is applied in nanostructuring oriented, polycrystalline, and nanocrystalline diamond surfaces with or without using etching mask. In the case of etching without using mask (maskless etching), diamond films could be constructed into diamond nanocone and nanowhisker arrays with controllable size and density. The formation mechanism of these diamond nanostructures based on the factors such as the columnar structure of diamond films, negative electron affinity of H-terminated diamond surface, and balanced physical etching by ion bombardment and chemical etching by reactive hydrogen species is introduced. The etching with the assistance of etching mask, e.g., intentionally deposited or spontaneously formed (self-masking), enabled construction of diamond nanopillars and nanoneedles. We introduced a simple and high-throughput technique by using ECR-assisted microwave plasma etching process to obtain diamond nanoneedle arrays with a maximum aspect ratio of ~50. In contrast to diamond films, in the case of single crystal diamond etching mask is normally required to obtain the surface nanostructures. However, crystallographic orientation dependent RIE makes it possible to selectively reveal the desired crystal planes and control the tapering angle of diamond nanopillars. In addition, for the bottom-up approach, we also review the effort in obtaining different diamond nanostructures, e.g., nanopillar and nanoneedle arrays, by direct chemical vapor deposition with the assistance of various templets. 
We introduced in more details the applications of 1D diamond nanostructures in a variety fields such as quantum information devices, drug delivery, biomedical sensing, and high-performance electrodes. Very recently, we demonstrated ultralarge elastic deformation ability of 1D single-crystalline diamond. The maximum tensile strain reached 9%, approaching to the theoretical elastic limit; and the corresponding maximum tensile stress reached ~89 to 98 GPa. The intrinsic strength, elastic deformation, surface modification capability, and excellent biocompatibility of 1D diamond nanostructure arrays have unique advantages in the field of intracellular delivery and molecular diagnostics. Most attractively, diamond nanoneedle treatment can greatly facilitate the delivery of plasmid DNA into neurons. With the aid of diamond nanoneedle treatment, a transfection efficiency of approximately 45% can be achieved (~8 fold improved) with a dramatically shorter experimental protocol. Furthermore, based on a similar principle, diamond nanoneedle arrays with their surfaces modified with proper aptamers can be inserted into cytoplasmic region and extract the signaling components from cells by a “molecular fishing” process without damaging them. 
Conductive diamond offers several notable electrochemical attributes, making it an intriguing material in the fields of wastewater treatment, electrochemical analysis, electrochemical catalysis, and electrochemical energy storage and conversion. The design of high-density 1D diamond nanostructure-based conductive electrodes could provide a highly effective surface area and increased mass transport during the electrochemical reduction of CO₂ and electrochemical oxidation process. In addition, diamonds have unique defect centers (i.e., N-V centers) that are highly photo-stable and sensitive to magnetic fields, temperature, ion concentration, and spin density. By constructing a suitable 1D nanowaveguides, the collection efficient of the optical signal can be increased, which plays a decisive role in realizing the application of single crystal diamond color center in the field of quantum information and quantum nanosensing. 
The challenges and perspectives for the further applications of 1D diamond nanostructures are discussed.