能源的存储和利用是当今科学和技术发展中的重大课题之一，尤其是作为高效的电能/化学能转化装置的二次电池相关技术一直是科学家研究的热点领域。在此背景下，本文较为系统地介绍目前二次电池的重要研究进展，将从二次电池的发展历史引入，再到其相关的基础理论知识的介绍。随后较为详细地讨论当前不同体系的二次电池及相关应的关键材料的研究进展，涉及到锂离子电池、钠离子电池、钾离子电池、镁离子电池、锌离子电池、钙离子电池、铝离子电池、氟离子电池、氯离子电池、双离子电池、锂-硫(硒)电池、钠-硫(硒)电池、钾-硫(硒)电池、多价金属-硫基电池、锂-氧电池、钠-氧电池、钾-氧电池、多价金属-氧气电池、锂-溴(碘)电池、水系金属离子电池、光辅助电池、柔性电池、有机电池、金属-二氧化碳电池等。此外，也介绍了电池研究中常见的电极反应过程表征技术，包括冷冻电镜、透射电镜、同步辐射、原位谱学表征、磁性表征等。本文将有助于研究人员对二次电池进行全面系统的了解与把握，并为之后二次电池的研究提供很好的指导作用。

The storage and utilization of energy is one of the important topics in the development of science and technology, especially regarding secondary batteries, which are efficient electrical-/chemical-energy-converting devices. This review systematically introduces the important research progress made in the context of secondary batteries, starting from their development and leading to the introduction of related basic theoretical knowledge. The current research on secondary batteries that are based on different systems and related key materials is discussed in detail, and includes lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, potassium-ion batteries, magnesium-ion batteries, zinc-ion batteries, calcium-ion batteries, aluminum-ion batteries, fluorine-ion batteries, chloride-ion batteries, dual-ion batteries, lithium-sulfur (Se) batteries, sodium-sulfur (Se) batteries, potassium-sulfur (Se) batteries, polyvalent metal-sulfur-based batteries, lithium-oxygen batteries, sodium-oxygen batteries, potassium-oxygen batteries, aqueous metal-ion batteries, polyvalent metal-oxygen batteries, lithium-bromine (or lithium-iodine) batteries, photo-assisted batteries, flexible batteries, organic batteries, and metal-carbon dioxide batteries. Additionally, the common characterization techniques for electrode reaction processes in battery research are also introduced, including cryo-electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, synchrotron radiation, in situ spectroscopic techniques, and magnetic characterization. This paper will help researchers to systematically understand secondary battery technology and provide good guidance for future research on secondary batteries.