Ultrasonic imaging technology for non-destructive detection of lithium ion batteries

Ultrasonic imaging technology (UIT) has emerged as a pivotal non-destructive detection method for lithium ion batteries (LIBs), addressing critical challenges in ensuring battery safety and performance. This review comprehensively explores the working principles of UIT, including ultrasonic reflection, refraction, and attenuation, and its applications in LIB inspection. It systematically elaborates on the advancements and applications of UIT for high-resolution imaging of electrode microstructures, real-time monitoring of electrolyte wetting and dry-out, and precise detection of defects such as lithium plating, gas evolution, and electrode delamination. We also discuss the non-invasive assessment of state-of-charge and state-of-health of LIBs by correlating acoustic properties with structural changes during battery cycling. Comparative analyses highlight the superiority of UIT over traditional destructive methods and complementary technologies. Furthermore, this review rigorously examines the current challenges and future development prospects of UIT. Despite challenges in resolving nanoscale defects and adapting to complex battery architectures, UIT shows promise when integrated with AI-driven data analysis and advanced transducers. Finally, we also envision emerging applications of UIT in the broader renewable energy sector, aiming to provide scientific insights for optimizing manufacturing, lifecycle management, and safety assurance of the battery industry. © 2025 Science Press and Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.