Tracking the movement of quartz sand particles with neural networks

Tracking the movement of particles is of paramount significance for studying the impact of particle breakage on the macroscopic mechanical behaviour of granular materials and remains a persistent challenge to date. This paper presents a novel particle tracking method that integrates Pointon and PointNetLK networks, enabling an accurate tracking of both intact and broken Leighton Buzzard sand (LBS) particles. Initially, morphological information of LBS particles was extracted from X-ray micro-tomography (CT) data collected from a miniature triaxial test. Various image processing techniques were applied to the raw CT images to achieve a realistic three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction. Subsequently, particle point cloud data was processed through sampling, Gaussian noise injection, and grouping for training and testing the Poynton and PointNetLK networks. Next, the correspondences among particles across different scans were established by PointConv, and the transformation matrix between two mutually matched particles was predicted using PointNetLK. Finally, an examination of the changes in the spatial distribution and morphological parameters of both tracked and untracked particles throughout the shearing process was conducted and followed by an analysis of particle kinematics. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd