Thinking creatively across the lifespan

Creativity is a cognitive ability to be developed across the lifespan. The development of creativity across may progress from mini-c and little-c to Pro-c creativity in average individuals and also to Big-C creativity in a selected and eminent population (Kaufman Beghetto, 2009). In childhood and adolescence, creative potentials usually manifested as mini-c and little-c creativity can be nurtured through informal and formal education (Craft, 2010; Gregerson, Kaufman, Snyder, 2013). In young and middle adulthood, creativity training is often an outcome in professional development – the Pro-c related to the creative industries (Florida, 2012). In late adulthood, creativity as a mini-c can serve as a cognitive reserve that extends the cognitive limits of older people in successful aging (Lubart Sternberg, 1999). In the formal and extra curriculum, both direct instruction of creative thinking skills and strategies of infusing creativity into subject learning are prevalent. Direct instruction methods include lateral thinking, problem solving, and etc. Primary and secondary educators often promote the direct instruction method for both typical and gifted learners (Renzulli, 2005). On the other hand, tertiary educators or professional trainers tend to adopt the infusing method more. The infusing method can be flexibly applied and integrated across various disciplines, such as law (Gregerson, 2013), medicine (Ness, 2011), psychology (Solomon, 2013), science and engineering (Cropley, this volume), and etc. In late adulthood, active engagement in arts and leisure activities promote creative thinking and enhance successful aging (Cohen, 2000).