The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Information Security and Risk Perceptions: A Survey Study in China and Its Implications for the Education Sector

Michael C. S. Wong; Shuangao Wang; Zhijian Lyu

doi:10.1007/978-981-96-7937-9_1

The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Information Security and Risk Perceptions: A Survey Study in China and Its Implications for the Education Sector

Michael C. S. Wong^*
, Shuangao Wang
, Zhijian Lyu

^*Corresponding author for this work

Department of Economics and Finance

Research output: Chapters, Conference Papers, Creative and Literary Works › RGC 12 - Chapter in an edited book (Author) › peer-review

Abstract

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has brought numerous conveniences but has also introduced challenges to information security and privacy risk monitoring. This study focuses on the impact of AI on both security and risk perceptions, specifically in the context of China. Drawing on Communication Privacy Management Theory and Privacy Concern Theory, we construct a model to analyze how AI influences users’ security and risk perceptions. Our survey of over 900 respondents reveals that AI negatively affects both security and risk perceptions, indicating a lack of awareness or concern about these issues among AI users in China. Among the respondents, approximately 44.95% are students, 30.93% are under 25 years old, and 66.85% have college or postgraduate education. These findings emphasize the need for greater focus on security and risk in AI usage, particularly in the education sector, where concerns about cybersecurity and privacy risks related to tools like ChatGPT and large language models (LLMs) are growing. It is crucial to alert high school and college students to the privacy risks associated with AI tools.
© 2025 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Original language	English
Title of host publication	Artificial Intelligence and Human Agency in Education: Volume One
Subtitle of host publication	The Nexus Between AI and Human Agency in Educational Contexts
Editors	Michael Agyemang Adarkwah, Samuel Amponsah, Ronghuai Huang, Michael Thomas
Place of Publication	Singapore
Publisher	Springer
Chapter	1
Pages	3-20
Edition	1
ISBN (Electronic)	978-981-96-7937-9
ISBN (Print)	978-981-96-7936-2
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-7937-9_1
Publication status	Published - 31 Aug 2025

Publication series

Name	Future Education and Learning Spaces
ISSN (Print)	2731-7714
ISSN (Electronic)	2731-7722

Research Keywords

Artificial intelligence
Information security
Privacy
Risk perception
Security perception

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10.1007/978-981-96-7937-9_1

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Wong, M. C. S., Wang, S., & Lyu, Z. (2025). The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Information Security and Risk Perceptions: A Survey Study in China and Its Implications for the Education Sector. In M. A. Adarkwah, S. Amponsah, R. Huang, & M. Thomas (Eds.), Artificial Intelligence and Human Agency in Education: Volume One: The Nexus Between AI and Human Agency in Educational Contexts (1 ed., pp. 3-20). (Future Education and Learning Spaces). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-7937-9_1

Wong, Michael C. S. ; Wang, Shuangao ; Lyu, Zhijian. / The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Information Security and Risk Perceptions : A Survey Study in China and Its Implications for the Education Sector. Artificial Intelligence and Human Agency in Education: Volume One: The Nexus Between AI and Human Agency in Educational Contexts. editor / Michael Agyemang Adarkwah ; Samuel Amponsah ; Ronghuai Huang ; Michael Thomas. 1. ed. Singapore : Springer, 2025. pp. 3-20 (Future Education and Learning Spaces).

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abstract = "Artificial Intelligence (AI) has brought numerous conveniences but has also introduced challenges to information security and privacy risk monitoring. This study focuses on the impact of AI on both security and risk perceptions, specifically in the context of China. Drawing on Communication Privacy Management Theory and Privacy Concern Theory, we construct a model to analyze how AI influences users{\textquoteright} security and risk perceptions. Our survey of over 900 respondents reveals that AI negatively affects both security and risk perceptions, indicating a lack of awareness or concern about these issues among AI users in China. Among the respondents, approximately 44.95\% are students, 30.93\% are under 25 years old, and 66.85\% have college or postgraduate education. These findings emphasize the need for greater focus on security and risk in AI usage, particularly in the education sector, where concerns about cybersecurity and privacy risks related to tools like ChatGPT and large language models (LLMs) are growing. It is crucial to alert high school and college students to the privacy risks associated with AI tools. {\textcopyright} 2025 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.",

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Wong, MCS, Wang, S & Lyu, Z 2025, The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Information Security and Risk Perceptions: A Survey Study in China and Its Implications for the Education Sector. in MA Adarkwah, S Amponsah, R Huang & M Thomas (eds), Artificial Intelligence and Human Agency in Education: Volume One: The Nexus Between AI and Human Agency in Educational Contexts. 1 edn, Future Education and Learning Spaces, Springer, Singapore , pp. 3-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-7937-9_1

The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Information Security and Risk Perceptions: A Survey Study in China and Its Implications for the Education Sector. / Wong, Michael C. S.; Wang, Shuangao; Lyu, Zhijian.
Artificial Intelligence and Human Agency in Education: Volume One: The Nexus Between AI and Human Agency in Educational Contexts. ed. / Michael Agyemang Adarkwah; Samuel Amponsah; Ronghuai Huang; Michael Thomas. 1. ed. Singapore : Springer, 2025. p. 3-20 (Future Education and Learning Spaces).

Research output: Chapters, Conference Papers, Creative and Literary Works › RGC 12 - Chapter in an edited book (Author) › peer-review

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PY - 2025/8/31

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N2 - Artificial Intelligence (AI) has brought numerous conveniences but has also introduced challenges to information security and privacy risk monitoring. This study focuses on the impact of AI on both security and risk perceptions, specifically in the context of China. Drawing on Communication Privacy Management Theory and Privacy Concern Theory, we construct a model to analyze how AI influences users’ security and risk perceptions. Our survey of over 900 respondents reveals that AI negatively affects both security and risk perceptions, indicating a lack of awareness or concern about these issues among AI users in China. Among the respondents, approximately 44.95% are students, 30.93% are under 25 years old, and 66.85% have college or postgraduate education. These findings emphasize the need for greater focus on security and risk in AI usage, particularly in the education sector, where concerns about cybersecurity and privacy risks related to tools like ChatGPT and large language models (LLMs) are growing. It is crucial to alert high school and college students to the privacy risks associated with AI tools. © 2025 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

AB - Artificial Intelligence (AI) has brought numerous conveniences but has also introduced challenges to information security and privacy risk monitoring. This study focuses on the impact of AI on both security and risk perceptions, specifically in the context of China. Drawing on Communication Privacy Management Theory and Privacy Concern Theory, we construct a model to analyze how AI influences users’ security and risk perceptions. Our survey of over 900 respondents reveals that AI negatively affects both security and risk perceptions, indicating a lack of awareness or concern about these issues among AI users in China. Among the respondents, approximately 44.95% are students, 30.93% are under 25 years old, and 66.85% have college or postgraduate education. These findings emphasize the need for greater focus on security and risk in AI usage, particularly in the education sector, where concerns about cybersecurity and privacy risks related to tools like ChatGPT and large language models (LLMs) are growing. It is crucial to alert high school and college students to the privacy risks associated with AI tools. © 2025 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

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KW - Privacy

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PB - Springer

CY - Singapore

ER -

Wong MCS, Wang S, Lyu Z. The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Information Security and Risk Perceptions: A Survey Study in China and Its Implications for the Education Sector. In Adarkwah MA, Amponsah S, Huang R, Thomas M, editors, Artificial Intelligence and Human Agency in Education: Volume One: The Nexus Between AI and Human Agency in Educational Contexts. 1 ed. Singapore : Springer. 2025. p. 3-20. (Future Education and Learning Spaces). doi: 10.1007/978-981-96-7937-9_1

The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Information Security and Risk Perceptions: A Survey Study in China and Its Implications for the Education Sector

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