Sustainable bio-based phenol-formaldehyde resoles using hydrolytically depolymerized kraft lignin

Homaira Siddiqui; Nubla Mahmood; Zhongshun Yuan; Ferdinando Crapulli; Luana Dessbesell; Amin Rizkalla; Ajay Ray; Chunbao Xu

doi:10.3390/molecules22111850

Sustainable bio-based phenol-formaldehyde resoles using hydrolytically depolymerized kraft lignin

Homaira Siddiqui, Nubla Mahmood, Zhongshun Yuan, Ferdinando Crapulli, Luana Dessbesell, Amin Rizkalla, Ajay Ray^*, Chunbao Xu

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Journal Publications and Reviews › RGC 21 - Publication in refereed journal › peer-review

38 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

In this study bio-based bio-phenol-formaldehyde (BPF) resoles were prepared using hydrolytically depolymerized Kraft lignin (DKL) as bio-phenol to partially substitute phenol. The effects of phenol substitution ratio, weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of DKL and formaldehyde-to-phenol (F/P) ratio were also investigated to find the optimum curing temperature for BPF resoles. The results indicated that DKL with M_w ∼1200 g/mol provides a curing temperature of less than 180°C for any substitution level, provided that F/P ratios are controlled. Incorporation of lignin reduced the curing temperature of the resin, however, higher Mw DKL negatively affected the curing process. For any level of lignin Mw, the curing temperature was found to increase with lower F/P ratios at lower phenol substitution levels. At 25% and 50% phenol substitution, increasing the F/P ratio allows for synthesis of resoles with lower curing temperatures. Increasing the phenol substitution from 50% to 75% allows for a broader range of lignin Mw to attain low curing temperatures. © 2017 by the authors.

Original language	English
Article number	1850
Journal	Molecules
Volume	22
Issue number	11
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22111850
Publication status	Published - 1 Nov 2017
Externally published	Yes

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Publication details (e.g. title, author(s), publication statuses and dates) are captured on an “AS IS” and “AS AVAILABLE” basis at the time of record harvesting from the data source. Suggestions for further amendments or supplementary information can be sent to [email protected].

Research Keywords

Curing temperature
Depolymerized Kraft lignin
Kraft lignin
Optimization
Phenol-formaldehyde resoles

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title = "Sustainable bio-based phenol-formaldehyde resoles using hydrolytically depolymerized kraft lignin",

abstract = "In this study bio-based bio-phenol-formaldehyde (BPF) resoles were prepared using hydrolytically depolymerized Kraft lignin (DKL) as bio-phenol to partially substitute phenol. The effects of phenol substitution ratio, weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of DKL and formaldehyde-to-phenol (F/P) ratio were also investigated to find the optimum curing temperature for BPF resoles. The results indicated that DKL with Mw ∼1200 g/mol provides a curing temperature of less than 180°C for any substitution level, provided that F/P ratios are controlled. Incorporation of lignin reduced the curing temperature of the resin, however, higher Mw DKL negatively affected the curing process. For any level of lignin Mw, the curing temperature was found to increase with lower F/P ratios at lower phenol substitution levels. At 25% and 50% phenol substitution, increasing the F/P ratio allows for synthesis of resoles with lower curing temperatures. Increasing the phenol substitution from 50% to 75% allows for a broader range of lignin Mw to attain low curing temperatures. {\textcopyright} 2017 by the authors.",

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T1 - Sustainable bio-based phenol-formaldehyde resoles using hydrolytically depolymerized kraft lignin

AU - Siddiqui, Homaira

AU - Mahmood, Nubla

AU - Yuan, Zhongshun

AU - Crapulli, Ferdinando

AU - Dessbesell, Luana

AU - Rizkalla, Amin

AU - Ray, Ajay

AU - Xu, Chunbao

N1 - Publication details (e.g. title, author(s), publication statuses and dates) are captured on an “AS IS” and “AS AVAILABLE” basis at the time of record harvesting from the data source. Suggestions for further amendments or supplementary information can be sent to [email protected].

PY - 2017/11/1

Y1 - 2017/11/1

N2 - In this study bio-based bio-phenol-formaldehyde (BPF) resoles were prepared using hydrolytically depolymerized Kraft lignin (DKL) as bio-phenol to partially substitute phenol. The effects of phenol substitution ratio, weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of DKL and formaldehyde-to-phenol (F/P) ratio were also investigated to find the optimum curing temperature for BPF resoles. The results indicated that DKL with Mw ∼1200 g/mol provides a curing temperature of less than 180°C for any substitution level, provided that F/P ratios are controlled. Incorporation of lignin reduced the curing temperature of the resin, however, higher Mw DKL negatively affected the curing process. For any level of lignin Mw, the curing temperature was found to increase with lower F/P ratios at lower phenol substitution levels. At 25% and 50% phenol substitution, increasing the F/P ratio allows for synthesis of resoles with lower curing temperatures. Increasing the phenol substitution from 50% to 75% allows for a broader range of lignin Mw to attain low curing temperatures. © 2017 by the authors.

AB - In this study bio-based bio-phenol-formaldehyde (BPF) resoles were prepared using hydrolytically depolymerized Kraft lignin (DKL) as bio-phenol to partially substitute phenol. The effects of phenol substitution ratio, weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of DKL and formaldehyde-to-phenol (F/P) ratio were also investigated to find the optimum curing temperature for BPF resoles. The results indicated that DKL with Mw ∼1200 g/mol provides a curing temperature of less than 180°C for any substitution level, provided that F/P ratios are controlled. Incorporation of lignin reduced the curing temperature of the resin, however, higher Mw DKL negatively affected the curing process. For any level of lignin Mw, the curing temperature was found to increase with lower F/P ratios at lower phenol substitution levels. At 25% and 50% phenol substitution, increasing the F/P ratio allows for synthesis of resoles with lower curing temperatures. Increasing the phenol substitution from 50% to 75% allows for a broader range of lignin Mw to attain low curing temperatures. © 2017 by the authors.

KW - Curing temperature

KW - Depolymerized Kraft lignin

KW - Kraft lignin

KW - Optimization

KW - Phenol-formaldehyde resoles

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JF - Molecules

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Sustainable bio-based phenol-formaldehyde resoles using hydrolytically depolymerized kraft lignin

Abstract

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