Survey on Near-Space Information Networks: Channel Modeling, Transmission, and Networking Perspectives

Near-space information networks (NSINs) composed of high-altitude platforms (HAPs) and high-and low-altitude unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are a new regime for providing quick, robust, and cost-efficient sensing and communication services. Precipitated by innovations and breakthroughs in manufacturing, materials, communications, electronics, and control techniques, NSINs have been envisioned as an essential component of the emerging sixth-generation of mobile communication systems. This article reveals some critical issues needing to be tackled in NSINs through conducting experiments and discusses the latest advances in NSINs in the research areas of channel modeling, transmission, and networking from a forward-looking, comparative, and technical evolutionary perspective. In this article, we highlight the characteristics of NSINs and present the promising use cases of NSINs. The impact of airborne platforms’ unstable movements on the phase delays of onboard antenna arrays with diverse structures is mathematically analyzed. The recent advances in HAP and UAV channel modeling are elaborated on, along with the significant differences between HAP and UAV channel modeling. The promising techniques and communication protocols of the physical (PHY) layer, medium access control (MAC) layer, network layer, and transport layer of NSINs for achieving efficient transmission over NSINs are reviewed. A comprehensive review of the networking techniques of NSINs in network deployment, handoff management, and network management aspects is provided. Besides, experiments have been conducted using practical NSINs to verify the performance of some techniques. Finally, we outline some open issues and promising directions for NSINs deserved for future study and discuss the corresponding challenges. © 2025 IEEE.