Spatio-temporal distribution of identified tick species from small and large ruminants of Pakistan

Ticks are considered the second most important pathogens’ vectors after mosquitoes. Ticks are responsible for transmitting many diseases not only in animals but humans as well. In Pakistan, ticks are a source of many livestock diseases such as babesiosis, theileriosis, Crimean‑Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) and many more, creating huge economic losses and zoonotic risks for the human population. Keeping in mind the important role of ticks, we compiled tick species data - of Pakistan, based on a review of the tick-related literature published between 1947 and early 2021. We focused only on those studies which included ticks identified from cattle, buffaloes, sheep, and goats. A total of -seven tick genera, including 30 tick species, were identified from cattle and buffaloes from 42 districts of Pakistan. Regarding ticks infesting sheep and goats, seven tick genera, including 40 tick species, from 45 districts of Pakistan were reported. Our study revealed how tick fauna has been updated with the identification of a variety of tick species from the different districts and territories of Pakistan according to time. The tick fauna list compiled here provides a complete picture of tick species recorded in Pakistan to date and will help to predict future economic risks and potential animal health losses associated with these pests, which could be mitigated through proper implementation of tick control and prevention strategies.