Scalable All-Evaporation Fabrication of Efficient Light-Emitting Diodes with Hybrid 2D-3D Perovskite Nanostructures

Quasi-2D (Q2D) lead halide perovskites have emerged as promising materials for light-emitting diodes (LEDs) due to their tunable emission, slowed-down carrier diffusion, and improved stability. However, they are primarily fabricated through solution methods, which hinders its large-scale manufacture and practical applications. Physical-vapor-deposition (PVD) methods have well demonstrated the capability for reproducible, scalable, and layer-by-layer fabrication of high quality organic/inorganic thin films. Herein, for the first time, the full-evaporation fabrication of organic–inorganic hybrid ((BA)₂Cs_n−1Pb_nBr_3n+1) Q2D–3D PeLEDs is demonstrated. The morphology and crystal phase of the perovskite are controlled from 3D to 2D by modulating material composition, annealing temperature, and film thicknesses. The confinement of carriers in 3D layers and the energy funnel effect are discovered and discussed. Importantly, a record high external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 5.3% based on evaporation method is achieved. Moreover, a centimeter-scale PeLED (1.5 cm × 2 cm) is obtained. Furthermore, the T₅₀ lifetime of the device with an initial brightness of 100 cd m⁻² is found to be 90 min with a thin layer PMMA passivation, which is among the longest for all PVD processed PeLEDs. Overall, this work casts a solid stepping stone towards the fabrication of high-performance PeLEDs on a large-scale.