Research progress on carbon-based anode materials for sodium-ion batteries

As sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) gain increasing attention as sustainable energy storage solutions, the development of efficient anode materials becomes a pivotal focus. Among these, carbon-based materials stand out as promising candidates due to their natural abundance, cost-effectiveness, and commendable energy storage capabilities. However, their full potential is hindered by challenges such as low Coulombic efficiency during initial charging and the intricate sodium storage mechanisms in hard carbon. This review explores the unique characteristics, key challenges, and innovative optimization strategies for carbon-based anode materials, emphasizing engineering approaches like interface optimization, elemental doping, and pore-structure design. Furthermore, it examines practical applications and performance advancements in fields such as electric vehicles and renewable energy storage systems. By providing critical insights into the rational design and scalable manufacturing of high-performance SIBs, this article serves as a comprehensive resource for advancing research and development in this field. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd