Reconfigurable Single/Dual-Beam Steering Based on Compact 3 × 3 Nolen Matrix with Equal/Unequal Power Division and Phase Difference

Ye Yang; Bo Wei Xu; Wing Shing Chan; Shao Yong Zheng

doi:10.1109/LAWP.2024.3427341

Reconfigurable Single/Dual-Beam Steering Based on Compact 3 × 3 Nolen Matrix with Equal/Unequal Power Division and Phase Difference

Ye Yang, Bo Wei Xu^*, Wing Shing Chan, Shao Yong Zheng

^*Corresponding author for this work

Department of Electrical Engineering

Research output: Journal Publications and Reviews › RGC 21 - Publication in refereed journal › peer-review

1 Citation (Scopus)

Abstract

This letter proposes a novel reconfigurable single/dual-beam steering method, which is based on a compact reconfigurable 3 × 3 Nolen matrix. Rigorous calculations of the array factor show that signals with equal/unequal power divisions and phase differences are required for the single/dual beam steering system. The system is fed by a 3 × 3 Nolen matrix implemented with parallel and orthogonal vector synthesis. For demonstration, the proposed single/dual-beam steering system is designed, fabricated, and measured. The core region of the feeding network occupies 124 mm² (0.46×0.74 λg²) at the operating frequency of 9.7 GHz. By switching the ON/OFF state of a reconfigurable phase shifter in the 3 × 3 Nolen matrix, single/dual-beam steering is achieved. In the OFF state, the antenna array radiates single beams at 90°, 126°, and 57°, excited at ports 1−3, respectively. In the ON state, it radiates dual beams at 90°±25° and 90°±48°, excited ports 2 and 3, respectively. © 2024 IEEE.

Original language	English
Journal	IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2024.3427341
Publication status	Online published - 12 Jul 2024

Funding

This work was supported in part by the General Research Fund (GRF) Grant from the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China, under Project CityU 11206820, in part by Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation under Grant 2023A1515110649, and in part by the CityU Internal Funds (No. 9678204).

Research Keywords

antenna array
Antenna arrays
Beam steering
Couplers
Mathematical models
Nolen matrix
Phase shifters
Phased arrays
Reconfigurable
single/dual-beam steering
vector synthesis
Vectors

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@article{303be0f27ae44d08b14bd3fd1c596b7a,

title = "Reconfigurable Single/Dual-Beam Steering Based on Compact 3 × 3 Nolen Matrix with Equal/Unequal Power Division and Phase Difference",

abstract = "This letter proposes a novel reconfigurable single/dual-beam steering method, which is based on a compact reconfigurable 3 × 3 Nolen matrix. Rigorous calculations of the array factor show that signals with equal/unequal power divisions and phase differences are required for the single/dual beam steering system. The system is fed by a 3 × 3 Nolen matrix implemented with parallel and orthogonal vector synthesis. For demonstration, the proposed single/dual-beam steering system is designed, fabricated, and measured. The core region of the feeding network occupies 124 mm2 (0.46×0.74 λg2) at the operating frequency of 9.7 GHz. By switching the ON/OFF state of a reconfigurable phase shifter in the 3 × 3 Nolen matrix, single/dual-beam steering is achieved. In the OFF state, the antenna array radiates single beams at 90°, 126°, and 57°, excited at ports 1−3, respectively. In the ON state, it radiates dual beams at 90°±25° and 90°±48°, excited ports 2 and 3, respectively. {\textcopyright} 2024 IEEE.",

keywords = "antenna array, Antenna arrays, Beam steering, Couplers, Mathematical models, Nolen matrix, Phase shifters, Phased arrays, Reconfigurable, single/dual-beam steering, vector synthesis, Vectors",

author = "Ye Yang and Xu, {Bo Wei} and Chan, {Wing Shing} and Zheng, {Shao Yong}",

year = "2024",

month = jul,

day = "12",

doi = "10.1109/LAWP.2024.3427341",

language = "English",

journal = "IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters",

issn = "1536-1225",

publisher = "IEEE",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Reconfigurable Single/Dual-Beam Steering Based on Compact 3 × 3 Nolen Matrix with Equal/Unequal Power Division and Phase Difference

AU - Yang, Ye

AU - Xu, Bo Wei

AU - Chan, Wing Shing

AU - Zheng, Shao Yong

PY - 2024/7/12

Y1 - 2024/7/12

N2 - This letter proposes a novel reconfigurable single/dual-beam steering method, which is based on a compact reconfigurable 3 × 3 Nolen matrix. Rigorous calculations of the array factor show that signals with equal/unequal power divisions and phase differences are required for the single/dual beam steering system. The system is fed by a 3 × 3 Nolen matrix implemented with parallel and orthogonal vector synthesis. For demonstration, the proposed single/dual-beam steering system is designed, fabricated, and measured. The core region of the feeding network occupies 124 mm2 (0.46×0.74 λg2) at the operating frequency of 9.7 GHz. By switching the ON/OFF state of a reconfigurable phase shifter in the 3 × 3 Nolen matrix, single/dual-beam steering is achieved. In the OFF state, the antenna array radiates single beams at 90°, 126°, and 57°, excited at ports 1−3, respectively. In the ON state, it radiates dual beams at 90°±25° and 90°±48°, excited ports 2 and 3, respectively. © 2024 IEEE.

AB - This letter proposes a novel reconfigurable single/dual-beam steering method, which is based on a compact reconfigurable 3 × 3 Nolen matrix. Rigorous calculations of the array factor show that signals with equal/unequal power divisions and phase differences are required for the single/dual beam steering system. The system is fed by a 3 × 3 Nolen matrix implemented with parallel and orthogonal vector synthesis. For demonstration, the proposed single/dual-beam steering system is designed, fabricated, and measured. The core region of the feeding network occupies 124 mm2 (0.46×0.74 λg2) at the operating frequency of 9.7 GHz. By switching the ON/OFF state of a reconfigurable phase shifter in the 3 × 3 Nolen matrix, single/dual-beam steering is achieved. In the OFF state, the antenna array radiates single beams at 90°, 126°, and 57°, excited at ports 1−3, respectively. In the ON state, it radiates dual beams at 90°±25° and 90°±48°, excited ports 2 and 3, respectively. © 2024 IEEE.

KW - antenna array

KW - Antenna arrays

KW - Beam steering

KW - Couplers

KW - Mathematical models

KW - Nolen matrix

KW - Phase shifters

KW - Phased arrays

KW - Reconfigurable

KW - single/dual-beam steering

KW - vector synthesis

KW - Vectors

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UR - https://www.scopus.com/record/pubmetrics.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85198363376&origin=recordpage

U2 - 10.1109/LAWP.2024.3427341

DO - 10.1109/LAWP.2024.3427341

M3 - RGC 21 - Publication in refereed journal

SN - 1536-1225

JO - IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters

JF - IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters

ER -

Reconfigurable Single/Dual-Beam Steering Based on Compact 3 × 3 Nolen Matrix with Equal/Unequal Power Division and Phase Difference

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GRF: Innovative Power Amplifier Circuits for Sub-6GHz, 5G Cellular Radio.

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Reconfigurable Single/Dual-Beam Steering Based on Compact 3 × 3 Nolen Matrix with Equal/Unequal Power Division and Phase Difference

Abstract

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Research Keywords

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GRF: Innovative Power Amplifier Circuits for Sub-6GHz, 5G Cellular Radio.

Cite this