Polar Hybrid Perovskite Obtained by Induction of Lone Pair Electrons toward Efficient and Stable Self-Powered X-ray Detection

Huawei Yang; Zeng-Kui Zhu; Jianbo Wu; Haodong Ge; Huang Ye; Guirong Chen; Lijun Xu; Haiqing Zhong; Yueying Wang; Wenhui Wu; Panpan Yu; Ying Zeng; Hui-Ping Xiao; Junhua Luo

doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.5c03797

Polar Hybrid Perovskite Obtained by Induction of Lone Pair Electrons toward Efficient and Stable Self-Powered X-ray Detection

Huawei Yang (Co-first Author)
, Zeng-Kui Zhu^* (Co-first Author)
, Jianbo Wu
, Haodong Ge
, Huang Ye
, Guirong Chen
, Lijun Xu
, Haiqing Zhong
, Yueying Wang
, Wenhui Wu
, Panpan Yu
, Ying Zeng
, Hui-Ping Xiao
, Junhua Luo^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Department of Materials Science and Engineering

Research output: Journal Publications and Reviews › RGC 21 - Publication in refereed journal › peer-review

1 Citation (Scopus)

Abstract

Polar hybrid perovskites (HPs) can achieve steady-state self-powered X-ray detection via the bulk photovoltaic effect (BPVE), but effective strategies to induce BPVE remain scarce. Herein, using one-dimensional nonpolar HP (4-MeP)₄Pb₃Br₁₀(1, 4-MeP = 4-methylaniline) as a template, we successfully synthesized an unprecedented two-dimensional (2D) polar HP (4-SP)₄Pb₃Br₁₀·2H₂O (2, 4-SP = 4-aminothiophenol) by replacing the C atom in the 4-MeP ligand with an S atom possessing lone pair electrons. Specifically, lone pair electrons on S cause structural distortion and ultimately induce BPVE in 2. Therefore, 2 achieves efficient self-powered X-ray detection with a high sensitivity of 271.8 μC Gy^–1 cm–2 under 22 keV average X-ray energy. Meanwhile, it also exhibits a record-breaking sensitivity of 1.1 × 10⁴ μC Gy^–1 cm^–2 under 31.8 V mm^–1in all 2D single-layer HPs. Importantly, 2 possesses strong ion-migration inhibition, high radiation resistance, and excellent storage stability. Our work provides a strategy for the development and application of HPs with BPVE.

© 2026 American Chemical Society

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	2724–2733
Number of pages	10
Journal	ACS Energy Letters
Volume	11
Issue number	3
Online published	24 Feb 2026
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.5c03797
Publication status	Published - 13 Mar 2026

Funding

This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22435005, 22193042, 22201284, 22305105, 22405108, 22501112), the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (2023J05076), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province (20252BAC200222, 20242BAB25129, 20224BAB213003, 20232BAB213020), and the Graduate Innovation Fund Project of Jiangxi Provincial Department of Education (YJS2025012).

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This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

SDG 7 Affordable and Clean Energy

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title = "Polar Hybrid Perovskite Obtained by Induction of Lone Pair Electrons toward Efficient and Stable Self-Powered X-ray Detection",

abstract = "Polar hybrid perovskites (HPs) can achieve steady-state self-powered X-ray detection via the bulk photovoltaic effect (BPVE), but effective strategies to induce BPVE remain scarce. Herein, using one-dimensional nonpolar HP (4-MeP)4Pb3Br10 (1, 4-MeP = 4-methylaniline) as a template, we successfully synthesized an unprecedented two-dimensional (2D) polar HP (4-SP)4Pb3Br10·2H2O (2, 4-SP = 4-aminothiophenol) by replacing the C atom in the 4-MeP ligand with an S atom possessing lone pair electrons. Specifically, lone pair electrons on S cause structural distortion and ultimately induce BPVE in 2. Therefore, 2 achieves efficient self-powered X-ray detection with a high sensitivity of 271.8 μC Gy–1 cm–2 under 22 keV average X-ray energy. Meanwhile, it also exhibits a record-breaking sensitivity of 1.1 × 104 μC Gy–1 cm–2 under 31.8 V mm–1 in all 2D single-layer HPs. Importantly, 2 possesses strong ion-migration inhibition, high radiation resistance, and excellent storage stability. Our work provides a strategy for the development and application of HPs with BPVE. {\textcopyright} 2026 American Chemical Society",

author = "Huawei Yang and Zeng-Kui Zhu and Jianbo Wu and Haodong Ge and Huang Ye and Guirong Chen and Lijun Xu and Haiqing Zhong and Yueying Wang and Wenhui Wu and Panpan Yu and Ying Zeng and Hui-Ping Xiao and Junhua Luo",

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doi = "10.1021/acsenergylett.5c03797",

language = "English",

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pages = "2724–2733",

number = "3",

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Polar Hybrid Perovskite Obtained by Induction of Lone Pair Electrons toward Efficient and Stable Self-Powered X-ray Detection. / Yang, Huawei (Co-first Author); Zhu, Zeng-Kui (Co-first Author); Wu, Jianbo et al.
In: ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 11, No. 3, 13.03.2026, p. 2724–2733.

Research output: Journal Publications and Reviews › RGC 21 - Publication in refereed journal › peer-review

TY - JOUR

T1 - Polar Hybrid Perovskite Obtained by Induction of Lone Pair Electrons toward Efficient and Stable Self-Powered X-ray Detection

AU - Yang, Huawei

AU - Zhu, Zeng-Kui

AU - Wu, Jianbo

AU - Ge, Haodong

AU - Ye, Huang

AU - Chen, Guirong

AU - Xu, Lijun

AU - Zhong, Haiqing

AU - Wang, Yueying

AU - Wu, Wenhui

AU - Yu, Panpan

AU - Zeng, Ying

AU - Xiao, Hui-Ping

AU - Luo, Junhua

PY - 2026/3/13

Y1 - 2026/3/13

N2 - Polar hybrid perovskites (HPs) can achieve steady-state self-powered X-ray detection via the bulk photovoltaic effect (BPVE), but effective strategies to induce BPVE remain scarce. Herein, using one-dimensional nonpolar HP (4-MeP)4Pb3Br10 (1, 4-MeP = 4-methylaniline) as a template, we successfully synthesized an unprecedented two-dimensional (2D) polar HP (4-SP)4Pb3Br10·2H2O (2, 4-SP = 4-aminothiophenol) by replacing the C atom in the 4-MeP ligand with an S atom possessing lone pair electrons. Specifically, lone pair electrons on S cause structural distortion and ultimately induce BPVE in 2. Therefore, 2 achieves efficient self-powered X-ray detection with a high sensitivity of 271.8 μC Gy–1 cm–2 under 22 keV average X-ray energy. Meanwhile, it also exhibits a record-breaking sensitivity of 1.1 × 104 μC Gy–1 cm–2 under 31.8 V mm–1 in all 2D single-layer HPs. Importantly, 2 possesses strong ion-migration inhibition, high radiation resistance, and excellent storage stability. Our work provides a strategy for the development and application of HPs with BPVE. © 2026 American Chemical Society

AB - Polar hybrid perovskites (HPs) can achieve steady-state self-powered X-ray detection via the bulk photovoltaic effect (BPVE), but effective strategies to induce BPVE remain scarce. Herein, using one-dimensional nonpolar HP (4-MeP)4Pb3Br10 (1, 4-MeP = 4-methylaniline) as a template, we successfully synthesized an unprecedented two-dimensional (2D) polar HP (4-SP)4Pb3Br10·2H2O (2, 4-SP = 4-aminothiophenol) by replacing the C atom in the 4-MeP ligand with an S atom possessing lone pair electrons. Specifically, lone pair electrons on S cause structural distortion and ultimately induce BPVE in 2. Therefore, 2 achieves efficient self-powered X-ray detection with a high sensitivity of 271.8 μC Gy–1 cm–2 under 22 keV average X-ray energy. Meanwhile, it also exhibits a record-breaking sensitivity of 1.1 × 104 μC Gy–1 cm–2 under 31.8 V mm–1 in all 2D single-layer HPs. Importantly, 2 possesses strong ion-migration inhibition, high radiation resistance, and excellent storage stability. Our work provides a strategy for the development and application of HPs with BPVE. © 2026 American Chemical Society

UR - https://www.webofscience.com/wos/woscc/full-record/WOS:001698626800001

U2 - 10.1021/acsenergylett.5c03797

DO - 10.1021/acsenergylett.5c03797

M3 - RGC 21 - Publication in refereed journal

SN - 2380-8195

VL - 11

SP - 2724

EP - 2733

JO - ACS Energy Letters

JF - ACS Energy Letters

IS - 3

ER -

Polar Hybrid Perovskite Obtained by Induction of Lone Pair Electrons toward Efficient and Stable Self-Powered X-ray Detection

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