Piezoelectric-on-silicon Lorentz force magnetometers based on radial contour mode disk resonators

In this paper, we realize two unique design topologies for Lorentz force magnetometers (LFMs) based on radial contour (RC) mode piezoelectric-on-silicon disk resonators for the detection of out-of-plane magnetic fields (i.e. normal to the plane of fabrication). The proposed topologies take advantage of the strong electromechanical coupling from the piezoelectric Aluminum Nitride (AlN) layer to enhance the sensitivity of the devices while operating under ambient pressure, thus avoiding the need for vacuum encapsulation. Compared to previously reported modes, we show that RC mode provides a higher coupling efficiency. This ultimately leads to higher responsivity (defined here as the ratio of the pre-amplified output resonant current to the external magnetic field strength, normalized over the excitation current applied) compared to other modes previously reported. Having shown the advantages of the disk LFM, we then extend the advantages of a single disk LFM by mechanically coupling two disk resonators to increase the responsivity. We show that the quality (Q) factor, which determines the responsivity at resonance, does not degrade substantially by mechanically coupling the disks. The responsivity of our coupled disk LFM (21.20 ppm/mT) is 8 times higher compared to a state of art vacuum sealed LFM based on capacitive readout, but without the contraint of requiring vacuum.