Photocurrent of BiVO₄ is limited by surface recombination, not surface catalysis

Bismuth vanadate is one of the most promising photoanode materials for photoelectrochemical water splitting. In order to achieve high photocurrents the surface of BiVO₄ always has to be modified with water oxidation catalysts, such as cobalt phosphate (CoPi), FeOOH, or NiFeO_x. While this has generally been attributed to the poor intrinsic catalytic activity of BiVO₄, detailed insight into the fate of the photogenerated charge carriers at the surface is still lacking. We used intensity modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS) to investigate the surface carrier dynamics of bare and CoPi-modified spray-deposited BiVO₄ films. Using a model developed by Peter et al., it was possible to distinguish the reaction rate constants for surface recombination and charge transfer to the electrolyte. We found that modification with CoPi reduced the surface recombination of BiVO₄ with a factor of 10-20, without significantly influencing the charge transfer kinetics. Control experiments with RuO_x, one of the best known OER electrocatalysts, did not affect surface recombination and led to an actual decrease of the photocurrent. These results show that the main role of the CoPi is to passivate the surface of BiVO₄ and that, contrary to earlier assumptions, the photocurrent of BiVO₄ is limited by surface recombination instead of charge transfer. The importance of surface recombination is well recognized for conventional semiconductors in the field of photovoltaics; these findings show that it may also play a crucial role in oxide-based semiconductors for photoelectrochemical energy conversion. © 2017 The Royal Society of Chemistry.