N-P covalent bond regulation of mesoporous carbon-based catalyst for lowered oxygen reduction overpotential and enhanced zinc-air battery performance

Developing sustainable metal-free carbon-based electrocatalysts is essential for the deployment of metal-air batteries such as zinc-air batteries (ZABs), among which doping of heteroatoms has attracted tremendous interest over the past decade. However, the effect of the heteroatom covalent bonds in carbon matrix on catalysis was neglected in most studies. Here, an efficient metal-free oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalyst is demonstrated by the N-P bonds anchored carbon (termed N,P-C-1000). The N,P-C-1000 catalyst exhibits superior specific surface area of 1362 m² g⁻¹ and ORR activity with a half-wave potential of 0.83 V, close to that of 20 wt % Pt/C. Theoretical computations reveal that the p-band center for C-2p orbit in N,P-C-1000 has higher interaction strength with the intermediates, thus reducing the overall reaction energy barrier. The N,P-C-1000 assembled primary ZAB can attain a large peak power density of 121.9 mW cm⁻² and a steady discharge platform of ~1.20 V throughout 120 h. Besides, when served as the cathodic catalyst in a solid-state ZAB, the battery shows flexibility, conspicuous open circuit potential (1.423 V), and high peak power density (85.8 mW cm⁻²). Our findings offer a strategy to tune the intrinsic structure of carbon-based catalysts for improved electrocatalytic performance and shed light on future catalysts design for energy storage technologies beyond batteries. © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.