Multiuser all-optical quantum network based on metasurfaces

Shengshuai Liu; Lin Li; Yujie Wang; Minghao Ning; Yanbo Lou; Yingxuan Chen; Rui Zhang; Jiabin Wang; Qinmiao Chen; Quan Yuan; Shuming Wang; Shumin Xiao; Din Ping Tsai; Ya Cheng; Shining Zhu; Jietai Jing

doi:10.1126/sciadv.adu8455

^*Corresponding author for this work

Department of Electrical Engineering

Research output: Journal Publications and Reviews › RGC 21 - Publication in refereed journal › peer-review

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Abstract

A crucial aspect of quantum information is the establishment of multiuser quantum networks, ensuring secure transmission of information among separated users. However, establishing a large-scale network remains a substantial challenge, requiring massive and compact Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) entangled states. Here, we experimentally generate a 5 by 5 continuous variable (CV) EPR entanglement array using a metalens array. Moreover, on the basis of such a compact EPR entanglement array, we establish a five-user all-optical quantum state sharing (AOQSS) network with fidelity beating the corresponding classical limit, which is currently the largest AOQSS network in the CV regime. These results provide a promising platform for the generation of massive and compact EPR entangled states and the construction of large-scale all-optical multiuser quantum networks. Our compact approach for generating CV EPR entanglement based on metasurface opens up avenues for advanced quantum networks.

© 2025 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S.

Original language	English
Number of pages	7
Journal	Science Advances
Volume	11
Issue number	41
Online published	10 Oct 2025
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adu8455
Publication status	Published - 10 Oct 2025

Funding

This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (nos. 12225404, 12434014, 11874155, 91436211, 11374104, 12174110, 12474357, 12274134, and 12192251); the Innovation Program for Quantum Science and Technology (no. 2024ZD0302402); the National Key R&D Program of China (nos. 2021YFA1400802 and 2019YFA0705000); the Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (grant no. 2021-01-07-00-08-E00100); the Program of Shanghai Academic Research Leader (no. 22XD1400700); the Basic Research Project in Quantum Science of Shanghai Action Plan for Science Technology and Innovation (no. 24LZ1400700); the Basic Research Project of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission (no. 20JC1416100); the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (nos. 17ZR1442900 and 24ZR1418700); Minhang Leading Talents (no. 201971); the Shanghai Sailing Program (no. 21YF1410800); the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing (no. CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX0893); the Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (no. 2023ZKZD35); the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (no. 21DZ1101500); the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (no. 2019SHZDZX01); and the 111 project (B12024).

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title = "Multiuser all-optical quantum network based on metasurfaces",

abstract = "A crucial aspect of quantum information is the establishment of multiuser quantum networks, ensuring secure transmission of information among separated users. However, establishing a large-scale network remains a substantial challenge, requiring massive and compact Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) entangled states. Here, we experimentally generate a 5 by 5 continuous variable (CV) EPR entanglement array using a metalens array. Moreover, on the basis of such a compact EPR entanglement array, we establish a five-user all-optical quantum state sharing (AOQSS) network with fidelity beating the corresponding classical limit, which is currently the largest AOQSS network in the CV regime. These results provide a promising platform for the generation of massive and compact EPR entangled states and the construction of large-scale all-optical multiuser quantum networks. Our compact approach for generating CV EPR entanglement based on metasurface opens up avenues for advanced quantum networks. {\textcopyright} 2025 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S.",

author = "Shengshuai Liu and Lin Li and Yujie Wang and Minghao Ning and Yanbo Lou and Yingxuan Chen and Rui Zhang and Jiabin Wang and Qinmiao Chen and Quan Yuan and Shuming Wang and Shumin Xiao and Tsai, \{Din Ping\} and Ya Cheng and Shining Zhu and Jietai Jing",

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AU - Liu, Shengshuai

AU - Li, Lin

AU - Wang, Yujie

AU - Ning, Minghao

AU - Lou, Yanbo

AU - Chen, Yingxuan

AU - Zhang, Rui

AU - Wang, Jiabin

AU - Chen, Qinmiao

AU - Yuan, Quan

AU - Wang, Shuming

AU - Xiao, Shumin

AU - Tsai, Din Ping

AU - Cheng, Ya

AU - Zhu, Shining

AU - Jing, Jietai

PY - 2025/10/10

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N2 - A crucial aspect of quantum information is the establishment of multiuser quantum networks, ensuring secure transmission of information among separated users. However, establishing a large-scale network remains a substantial challenge, requiring massive and compact Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) entangled states. Here, we experimentally generate a 5 by 5 continuous variable (CV) EPR entanglement array using a metalens array. Moreover, on the basis of such a compact EPR entanglement array, we establish a five-user all-optical quantum state sharing (AOQSS) network with fidelity beating the corresponding classical limit, which is currently the largest AOQSS network in the CV regime. These results provide a promising platform for the generation of massive and compact EPR entangled states and the construction of large-scale all-optical multiuser quantum networks. Our compact approach for generating CV EPR entanglement based on metasurface opens up avenues for advanced quantum networks. © 2025 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S.

AB - A crucial aspect of quantum information is the establishment of multiuser quantum networks, ensuring secure transmission of information among separated users. However, establishing a large-scale network remains a substantial challenge, requiring massive and compact Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) entangled states. Here, we experimentally generate a 5 by 5 continuous variable (CV) EPR entanglement array using a metalens array. Moreover, on the basis of such a compact EPR entanglement array, we establish a five-user all-optical quantum state sharing (AOQSS) network with fidelity beating the corresponding classical limit, which is currently the largest AOQSS network in the CV regime. These results provide a promising platform for the generation of massive and compact EPR entangled states and the construction of large-scale all-optical multiuser quantum networks. Our compact approach for generating CV EPR entanglement based on metasurface opens up avenues for advanced quantum networks. © 2025 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S.

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