Multi-Domain Manipulations of Multi-Frequency Waves Based on Asynchronous Space-Time-Coding Digital Metasurface

Si Ran Wang; Geng-Bo Wu; Wei Liu; Shao Nan Chen; Zhen Jie Qi; Jun Wei Zhang; Li Jie Wu; Xinxin Gao; Zheng Xing Wang; Jun Yan Dai; Qiang Cheng; Tie Jun Cui

doi:10.1002/lpor.202500184

Multi-Domain Manipulations of Multi-Frequency Waves Based on Asynchronous Space-Time-Coding Digital Metasurface

Si Ran Wang (Co-first Author)
, Geng-Bo Wu^* (Co-first Author)
, Wei Liu (Co-first Author)
, Shao Nan Chen
, Zhen Jie Qi
, Jun Wei Zhang
, Li Jie Wu
, Xinxin Gao
, Zheng Xing Wang
, Jun Yan Dai^*
, Qiang Cheng^*
, Tie Jun Cui^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves (City University of Hong Kong)

Research output: Journal Publications and Reviews › RGC 21 - Publication in refereed journal › peer-review

4 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

Metasurfaces have garnered significant attention for the ability to manipulate electromagnetic (EM) waves, enabling diverse applications such as beam steering, frequency conversion, and vortex-wave generation. However, achieving complete control of the EM properties such as phase, amplitude, polarization and momentum over multiple frequencies remains a challenge. Here, an asynchronous space-time-coding digital metasurface (ASTCM) is proposed to tackle the challenge. By segmenting the metasurface into distinct partitions and letting them be modulated at different frequencies and operated with different functions, ASTCM facilitates precise and comprehensive manipulations of multi-frequency EM waves, eliminating the need for multiple oscillators and radio-frequency (RF) chains. As proof-of-concept examples, three ASTCM experiments are carried out, including multi-frequency beam steering, construction of wireless communication system, and direction-of-arrival estimation. These experiments concurrently demonstrate the capability of ASTCM in manipulating full EM properties on multifrequency waves in a simple way, showcasing its potential to revolutionize wireless communication, radar, and integrated communication and sensing systems. © 2025 Wiley-VCH GmbH.

Original language	English
Article number	2500184
Number of pages	12
Journal	Laser & Photonics Reviews
Volume	19
Issue number	14
Online published	1 Apr 2025
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.202500184
Publication status	Published - 22 Jul 2025

Funding

This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFB3811502, 2018YFA0701904), the National Science Foundation (NSFC) for Distinguished Young Scholars of China (62225108), the Program of Song Shan Laboratory (Included in the management of Major Science and Technology Program of Henan Province) (221100211300-02, 221100211300-03), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (62288101, 62201139, U22A2001), the Jiangsu Province Frontier Leading Technology Basic Research Project (BK20212002), the Hong Kong Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong SAR under Grant CityU (21207824), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2242022k60003), and the Southeast University - China Mobile Research Institute Joint Innovation Center (R202111101112JZC02).

Research Keywords

beam steering
DOA estimation
metasurface
multifrequency electromagnetic wave manipulation
wireless communication

RGC Funding Information

RGC-funded

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10.1002/lpor.202500184

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title = "Multi-Domain Manipulations of Multi-Frequency Waves Based on Asynchronous Space-Time-Coding Digital Metasurface",

abstract = "Metasurfaces have garnered significant attention for the ability to manipulate electromagnetic (EM) waves, enabling diverse applications such as beam steering, frequency conversion, and vortex-wave generation. However, achieving complete control of the EM properties such as phase, amplitude, polarization and momentum over multiple frequencies remains a challenge. Here, an asynchronous space-time-coding digital metasurface (ASTCM) is proposed to tackle the challenge. By segmenting the metasurface into distinct partitions and letting them be modulated at different frequencies and operated with different functions, ASTCM facilitates precise and comprehensive manipulations of multi-frequency EM waves, eliminating the need for multiple oscillators and radio-frequency (RF) chains. As proof-of-concept examples, three ASTCM experiments are carried out, including multi-frequency beam steering, construction of wireless communication system, and direction-of-arrival estimation. These experiments concurrently demonstrate the capability of ASTCM in manipulating full EM properties on multifrequency waves in a simple way, showcasing its potential to revolutionize wireless communication, radar, and integrated communication and sensing systems. {\textcopyright} 2025 Wiley-VCH GmbH.",

keywords = "beam steering, DOA estimation, metasurface, multifrequency electromagnetic wave manipulation, wireless communication",

author = "Wang, \{Si Ran\} and Geng-Bo Wu and Wei Liu and Chen, \{Shao Nan\} and Qi, \{Zhen Jie\} and Zhang, \{Jun Wei\} and Wu, \{Li Jie\} and Xinxin Gao and Wang, \{Zheng Xing\} and Dai, \{Jun Yan\} and Qiang Cheng and Cui, \{Tie Jun\}",

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month = jul,

day = "22",

doi = "10.1002/lpor.202500184",

language = "English",

volume = "19",

journal = "Laser \& Photonics Reviews",

issn = "1863-8880",

publisher = "Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH",

number = "14",

}

Multi-Domain Manipulations of Multi-Frequency Waves Based on Asynchronous Space-Time-Coding Digital Metasurface. / Wang, Si Ran (Co-first Author); Wu, Geng-Bo (Co-first Author); Liu, Wei (Co-first Author) et al.
In: Laser & Photonics Reviews, Vol. 19, No. 14, 2500184, 22.07.2025.

Research output: Journal Publications and Reviews › RGC 21 - Publication in refereed journal › peer-review

TY - JOUR

T1 - Multi-Domain Manipulations of Multi-Frequency Waves Based on Asynchronous Space-Time-Coding Digital Metasurface

AU - Wang, Si Ran

AU - Wu, Geng-Bo

AU - Liu, Wei

AU - Chen, Shao Nan

AU - Qi, Zhen Jie

AU - Zhang, Jun Wei

AU - Wu, Li Jie

AU - Gao, Xinxin

AU - Wang, Zheng Xing

AU - Dai, Jun Yan

AU - Cheng, Qiang

AU - Cui, Tie Jun

PY - 2025/7/22

Y1 - 2025/7/22

N2 - Metasurfaces have garnered significant attention for the ability to manipulate electromagnetic (EM) waves, enabling diverse applications such as beam steering, frequency conversion, and vortex-wave generation. However, achieving complete control of the EM properties such as phase, amplitude, polarization and momentum over multiple frequencies remains a challenge. Here, an asynchronous space-time-coding digital metasurface (ASTCM) is proposed to tackle the challenge. By segmenting the metasurface into distinct partitions and letting them be modulated at different frequencies and operated with different functions, ASTCM facilitates precise and comprehensive manipulations of multi-frequency EM waves, eliminating the need for multiple oscillators and radio-frequency (RF) chains. As proof-of-concept examples, three ASTCM experiments are carried out, including multi-frequency beam steering, construction of wireless communication system, and direction-of-arrival estimation. These experiments concurrently demonstrate the capability of ASTCM in manipulating full EM properties on multifrequency waves in a simple way, showcasing its potential to revolutionize wireless communication, radar, and integrated communication and sensing systems. © 2025 Wiley-VCH GmbH.

AB - Metasurfaces have garnered significant attention for the ability to manipulate electromagnetic (EM) waves, enabling diverse applications such as beam steering, frequency conversion, and vortex-wave generation. However, achieving complete control of the EM properties such as phase, amplitude, polarization and momentum over multiple frequencies remains a challenge. Here, an asynchronous space-time-coding digital metasurface (ASTCM) is proposed to tackle the challenge. By segmenting the metasurface into distinct partitions and letting them be modulated at different frequencies and operated with different functions, ASTCM facilitates precise and comprehensive manipulations of multi-frequency EM waves, eliminating the need for multiple oscillators and radio-frequency (RF) chains. As proof-of-concept examples, three ASTCM experiments are carried out, including multi-frequency beam steering, construction of wireless communication system, and direction-of-arrival estimation. These experiments concurrently demonstrate the capability of ASTCM in manipulating full EM properties on multifrequency waves in a simple way, showcasing its potential to revolutionize wireless communication, radar, and integrated communication and sensing systems. © 2025 Wiley-VCH GmbH.

KW - beam steering

KW - DOA estimation

KW - metasurface

KW - multifrequency electromagnetic wave manipulation

KW - wireless communication

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U2 - 10.1002/lpor.202500184

DO - 10.1002/lpor.202500184

M3 - RGC 21 - Publication in refereed journal

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IS - 14

M1 - 2500184

ER -

Multi-Domain Manipulations of Multi-Frequency Waves Based on Asynchronous Space-Time-Coding Digital Metasurface

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ECS: Advanced and Green Beamforming Metasurface Antennas for 6G

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Multi-Domain Manipulations of Multi-Frequency Waves Based on Asynchronous Space-Time-Coding Digital Metasurface

Abstract

Funding

Research Keywords

RGC Funding Information

Access Output

Other Access Options

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ECS: Advanced and Green Beamforming Metasurface Antennas for 6G

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