Modulation of Redox Chemistry of Na₂Mn₃O₇by Selective Boron Doping Prompted by Na Vacancies

The small energy density and chemomechanical degradation of layered manganese oxide limit practical application to sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Typically, Na₂Mn₃O₇ shows a low redox plateau at 2.1 V versus Na/Na⁺, and the oxygen redox reaction at a high voltage causes structural collapse. Herein, a Na vacancy-induced boron doping strategy is demonstrated to improve the properties. Boron is incorporated into selective sites in the lattice in the center of the MnO₆ octahedral ring at the O-layer. Bonding of boron in the TM layer enhances the electrochemical activity of low-valence Mn, giving rise to two reversible redox peaks at 2.45 and 2.55 V to enhance the average redox voltage. At the same time, the O 2p chemical state becomes weaker around the Fermi level, thus suppressing oxygen overoxidation for the high charge state and strengthening the layered structure during the redox reactions. The reduced Mn-O covalency and small diffusion barrier energy stemming from bonding of boron in the oxygen layer produce excellent rate characteristics. Modulation of the Mn 3d and O 2p orbital in Na₂Mn₃O₇ by Na vacancies leads to selective doping of boron at different sites, and our results reveal that it is an important strategy for studying transition-metal-oxide-layered electrode materials.