Modification of metal bioaccumulation and toxicity in Daphnia magna by titanium dioxide nanoparticles

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles are widely used in water treatments, yet their influences on other contaminants in the water are not well studied. In this study, the aqueous uptake, assimilation efficiency, and toxicity of two ionic metals (cadmium-Cd, and zinc-Zn) in a freshwater zooplankton, Daphnia magna, were investigated following 2 days pre-exposure to nano-TiO₂. Pre-exposure to 1 mg/L nano-TiO₂ resulted in a significant increase in Cd and Zn uptake from the dissolved phase. After the nano-TiO₂ in the guts were cleared, the uptake rates immediately recovered to the normal levels. Concurrent measurements of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and metallothioneins (MTs) suggested that the increased metal uptake was mainly due to the increased number of binding sites provided by nano-TiO₂ presented in the guts. Consistently, pre-exposure to nano-TiO₂ increased the toxicity of aqueous Cd and Zn due to enhanced uptake. Our study provides the evidence that nano-TiO₂ in the guts of animals could increase the uptake and toxicity of other contaminants. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.