Measurement of Thermal Stress by X-ray Nano-Diffraction in (111)-Oriented Nanotwinned Cu Bumps for Cu/SiO₂ Hybrid Joints

X-ray nanodiffraction was used to measure the thermal stress of 10 µm nanotwinned Cu bumps in Cu/SiO₂ hybrid structures at −55 °C, 27 °C, 100 °C, 150 °C, and 200 °C. Bonding can be achieved without externally applied compression. The X-ray beam size is about 100 nm in diameter. The Cu bump is dominated by (111) oriented nano-twins. Before the hybrid bonding, the thermal stress in Cu bumps is compressive and remains compressive after bonding. The average stress in the bonded Cu joint at 200 °C is as large as −169.1 MPa. In addition, using the strain data measured at various temperatures, one can calculate the effective thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) for the 10 µm Cu bumps confined by the SiO₂ dielectrics. This study reports a useful approach on measuring the strain and stress in oriented metal bumps confined by SiO₂ dielectrics. The results also provide a deeper understanding on the mechanism of hybrid bonding without externally applied compression. © 2023 by the authors.