Life cycle assessment and environmental impacts of solar PV systems

In this chapter, brief insights into the life cycle assessment (LCA) and environmental impacts of solar PV systems will be given. To begin with, the role of solar PV systems in the new energy sector will be highlighted, considering the global scenario. Then, the focus will be drawn onto the environmental impacts associated with solar PV systems. Before going into the details of environmental impacts, brief insights on the methods used for estimating environmental impacts, both in the conventional way as well as using LCA simulation tools, are given. In addition to the commercially available LCA tools, prospective suggestions based on the latest digital technologies are made. Digital tools such as the Internet of Things (IoT), the industrial IoT, and blockchain technology that support the LCA of PV systems are highlighted. Various indicators/impact categories that are generally considered in LCA are also discussed. In later sections, the environmental impacts of PV systems are discussed, considering the life cycle stages in three broad categories: manufacturing, operational, and end of life. Also, the environmental impacts of PV systems due to the current linear business model that is in practice are discussed. Lastly, the circular business model implementation for PV systems and its role in mitigating environmental impacts is highlighted.