From Nano Robotic Manipulation to Nano Manipulation Robot

The evolution from passive nanoscale observation to active robotic manipulation represents a paradigm shift in humanity's quest to master matter at the atomic scale. This review systematically traces the historical and conceptual foundations of nanomanipulation, beginning with ancient atomic theory and culminating in Feynman's vision of deterministic atomic control. Nanomanipulation technologies can be categorized into three dimensions: observation (imaging and tracking), construction (assembly and fabrication), and operation (automation and control). This review critically examines transformative technologies—from optical tweezers and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to autonomous nanorobots in scanning electron microscopy (SEM)—highlighting their pivotal roles in overcoming diffraction limits, thermal noise, and quantum stochasticity. Innovations such as machine learning-enhanced control, stochastic model predictive control, and biohybrid nanorobots underscore the transition from scripted tasks to adaptive autonomy. However, persistent challenges—including the observer–constructor paradox, environmental stochasticity, and scalability—necessitate interdisciplinary convergence of quantum metrology, neuromorphic computing, and ethical frameworks. By bridging theoretical insights with practical applications, this review charts a roadmap for nanorobotic systems to transcend laboratory confines, enabling breakthroughs in nanomedicine, quantum devices, and atomic-scale manufacturing. The synthesis of embodied intelligence, distributed sensing, and edge quantum computing heralds a future where nanomanipulation redefines the boundaries of science, engineering, and philosophy. © 2025 The Author(s).