Frequency-domain sizing of hybrid energy storage and vulnerability-aware dynamic reconfiguration for wind-penetrated distribution networks

With the growing penetration of wind power, the safe and economical operation of power systems is becoming increasingly challenged by the inherent variability and uncertainty associated with wind energy generation. In contrast to prior HESS studies where storage was sized in the time domain or network reconfiguration was addressed independently, the joint optimization of frequency-domain sizing and dynamic reconfiguration is formulated within a unified two-stage framework. Correlated wind-power scenarios are modeled using a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) with the Nataf transformation to capture uncertainty and spatial dependence. A Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD)-based spectral strategy then assigns Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) capacities by differentiating device roles between batteries and supercapacitors (ESS) across timescales. Then, hourly reconfiguration is guided by vulnerability-aware indices that blend voltage stability, edge betweenness, and area-level power imbalance under standard distribution-network (DN) constraints. The integrated design-frequency-domain sizing, vulnerability-aware metrics, and dynamic reconfiguration-bridges planning and operation, improves local power balance, voltage quality, and structural adaptability. Validation on modified IEEE 33-bus and 123-bus systems indicates reduced HESS costs and enhanced vulnerability performance under wind disturbances. © 2025 Published by Elsevier Ltd.