Fabrication of MXene films through various techniques: a mini review

MXenes, a family of two-dimensional transition metal carbides or nitrides, exhibit exceptional properties such as metallic conductivity and tunable surface chemistry, positioning them as transformative materials for energy storage and flexible electronics. The advancement of MXene film fabrication techniques represents a critical bridge between nanoscale material innovation and macroscopic device integration, unlocking the transformative potential for next-generation technologies as the assembly of MXenes into functional films addresses longstanding challenges in translating nanomaterial advantages into practical applications. However, transitioning MXene nanosheets into high-performance films faces challenges, including restacking, oxidation susceptibility, and anisotropic alignment, necessitating advanced fabrication strategies. This review underscores the pivotal role of film engineering in mitigating MXene's inherent limitations while enabling precise control over microstructure and hybrid material interfaces. By harmonizing scalable fabrication methods with nanoscale design principles, MXene films serve as versatile platforms to accelerate the convergence of nanotechnology and industrial device engineering with enhanced charge transport kinetics, mechanical durability, and interfacial compatibility, thereby driving the miniaturization and performance optimization. This review provides insights for overcoming current limitations, paving the way for MXene films to revolutionize next-generation technologies in energy, sensing, and beyond. © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2025.