Exploring the Role of Appraised Support in Mitigating Reverse Culture Shock Among Cross-Border Retirement Migrants

Background/Objectives: Cross-border retirement migration has become a global trend. However, this population from Hong Kong, with a unique status, offers valuable opportunities for multidimensional empirical research. This paper aims to apply a Stress and Coping Theory–based model to verify the presence of reverse culture shock (RCS) among them and explore how social support and its appraisal are associated with loneliness. It further examines indirect associations involving secondary appraisal within the appraisal structure. Methods: We recruited 210 Hong Kong seniors (aged ≥65) who had relocated to
mainland China and had ever returned and surveyed them using validated scales. Results: Robust regression results revealed that higher levels of RCS were associated with higher levels of loneliness. Compared to social support (β = −0.04, p = 0.278), its appraisal had a significant negative association with loneliness (β = −0.09, p < 0.05). Mediation analysis demonstrated a significant indirect association involving social support appraisal, with variation across duration since the last return. Conclusions: With the resumption of normal
cross-border travel after COVID-19, RCS is associated with subjective well-being among older returnees. Support appraisal shows a stronger association with loneliness, although this association varies by temporal context. We further propose that within the appraisal structure, secondary appraisal may be implicated in indirect associations linking primary appraisal to emotional outcomes, and that these associations vary by temporal context. © 2026 by the authors