Exploring the Confines of International Investment and Domestic Health Protections—Is a General Exceptions Clause a Forced Perspective?

The international law of foreign investment is one of the fastest-growing areas of international economic law with several bilateral investment treaties or preferential trade agreements, including an investment chapter, negotiated every year. At the same time, new cases are being lodged at an exponential rate. Thanks to the remarkable effectiveness of its law, the investment regime has become a center of attraction not only for the settlement of disputes strictly related to investment but also problems between governments concerning matters including those of non-economic dimensions. The nature of the international arbitral process is entirely different from a national court process; it is an international tribunal governed by an international convention, mandated to inquire into the conduct and responsibility of a State in light of its treaty and customary international law obligations. This could result in significant State liability and could impact regulatory regimes and policy goals, attracting considerable criticism.