Effect of inclined angles on the mixing of turbulent supercritical water in a T-junction

Supercritical fluids either supercritical water or CO₂ have attracted much attention in recent years. They are applied in many aspects, such as boiler, chemistry, Generation-IV nuclear power plants (Refs.1,2 and 3). For those applications particularly in the proposed designs of Generation-IV nuclear power plants, there exists a lot of thick-wall T-junctions. During the plant operation, these T-junctions are subjected to considerable thermal stress caused by injection of supercritical fluids at a much lower temperature than that of the components and the coolant in the primary loop. To find a measure for mitigating the thermal stress, this paper studied the effect of the inclined angle variations in the mixing of the turbulent supercritical water in a T-junction.