Directly measured high in-plane thermal conductivity of two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks

Jinghang Dai; Qiyi Fang; Gustavo A. Alvarez; Amelia Schaeffer; Kirt A. Page; Jiyoung Kim; Samuel M. Kielar; Joyce Christiansen-Salameh; Eugene Jeong; Dayanni D. Bhagwandin; Jinha Kwon; Ly D. Tran; Md. Sherajul Islam; Ajit K. Roy; Nicholas R. Glavin; Yu Zhong; Jun Lou; Zhiting Tian

doi:10.1038/s41467-025-61334-8

Directly measured high in-plane thermal conductivity of two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks

Jinghang Dai (Co-first Author)
, Qiyi Fang (Co-first Author)
, Gustavo A. Alvarez
, Amelia Schaeffer
, Kirt A. Page
, Jiyoung Kim
, Samuel M. Kielar
, Joyce Christiansen-Salameh
, Eugene Jeong
, Dayanni D. Bhagwandin
, Jinha Kwon
, Ly D. Tran
, Md. Sherajul Islam
, Ajit K. Roy
, Nicholas R. Glavin
, Yu Zhong
, Jun Lou^*
, Zhiting Tian^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Journal Publications and Reviews › RGC 21 - Publication in refereed journal › peer-review

13 Citations (Scopus)

10 Downloads (CityUHK Scholars)

Abstract

Two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks are promising low-density porous materials for lightweight thermal management, yet comprehensive thermal conductivity measurements remain scarce. Particularly, direct in-plane thermal conductivity data for large-area, fully suspended covalent organic framework thin films has not been reported previously. This study addresses this gap by measuring in-plane and cross-plane thermal conductivities of two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks with varying pore sizes using laser-based pump-probe techniques. Transient thermal grating spectroscopy revealed a high in-plane thermal conductivity of 1.18 ± 0.21 W/(m⋅K) for a sample with a 1.4 nm pore size, highlighting a notable pore size effect. Cross-plane thermal conductivity measured via frequency-domain thermoreflectance indicated weak thermal anisotropy for samples with larger pores. Grazing-incident wide-angle X-ray scattering provided structural insights and clarified heat conduction mechanisms. These direct in-plane thermal conductivity measurements enhance understanding of thermal transport behaviors in covalent organic frameworks, supporting their development as advanced thermal management materials. © The Author(s) 2025.

Original language	English
Article number	6476
Number of pages	9
Journal	Nature Communications
Volume	16
Online published	14 Jul 2025
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-61334-8
Publication status	Published - 2025
Externally published	Yes

Funding

This work was partially sponsored by the DARPA Defense Science Office grant (D23AP00159-00) and partially supported by CHIMES, one of the seven centers in JUMP 2.0, a Semiconductor Research Corporation (SRC) program sponsored by DARPA. G. A. Alvarez was sponsored by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under Grant No. 1650114 and by the GEM Associate Ph.D. Fellowship. The COFs synthesis work at Rice was supported by the AFRL International RISING (Research, Innovation & Science In Nanotechnology) Center at Rice University and the NSF I/UCRC Center for Atomically Thin Multifunctional Coatings (ATOMIC) under award # EEC-2113882. This work was performed, in part, at the Cornell NanoScale Facility, a member of the National Nanotechnology Coordinated Infrastructure (NNCI), which is supported by the National Science Foundation (Grant No. NNCI-2025233). This research was partially supported by Air Force contract FA8650-21-D-5236. This research was partially supported by Air Force contract FA8650-22-F-5815. This work was partially sponsored by the Welch Foundation grant C-2248. This material is partially based on research sponsored by AFRL under agreement number FA8650-22-2-5200.

Publisher's Copyright Statement

This full text is made available under CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

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Dai, J., Fang, Q., Alvarez, G. A., Schaeffer, A., Page, K. A., Kim, J., Kielar, S. M., Christiansen-Salameh, J., Jeong, E., Bhagwandin, D. D., Kwon, J., Tran, L. D., Islam, M. S., Roy, A. K., Glavin, N. R., Zhong, Y., Lou, J., & Tian, Z. (2025). Directly measured high in-plane thermal conductivity of two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks. Nature Communications, 16, Article 6476. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-61334-8

@article{b689adbee6eb42eb9b935a1593bdeede,

title = "Directly measured high in-plane thermal conductivity of two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks",

abstract = "Two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks are promising low-density porous materials for lightweight thermal management, yet comprehensive thermal conductivity measurements remain scarce. Particularly, direct in-plane thermal conductivity data for large-area, fully suspended covalent organic framework thin films has not been reported previously. This study addresses this gap by measuring in-plane and cross-plane thermal conductivities of two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks with varying pore sizes using laser-based pump-probe techniques. Transient thermal grating spectroscopy revealed a high in-plane thermal conductivity of 1.18 ± 0.21 W/(m⋅K) for a sample with a 1.4 nm pore size, highlighting a notable pore size effect. Cross-plane thermal conductivity measured via frequency-domain thermoreflectance indicated weak thermal anisotropy for samples with larger pores. Grazing-incident wide-angle X-ray scattering provided structural insights and clarified heat conduction mechanisms. These direct in-plane thermal conductivity measurements enhance understanding of thermal transport behaviors in covalent organic frameworks, supporting their development as advanced thermal management materials. {\textcopyright} The Author(s) 2025.",

author = "Jinghang Dai and Qiyi Fang and Alvarez, \{Gustavo A.\} and Amelia Schaeffer and Page, \{Kirt A.\} and Jiyoung Kim and Kielar, \{Samuel M.\} and Joyce Christiansen-Salameh and Eugene Jeong and Bhagwandin, \{Dayanni D.\} and Jinha Kwon and Tran, \{Ly D.\} and Islam, \{Md. Sherajul\} and Roy, \{Ajit K.\} and Glavin, \{Nicholas R.\} and Yu Zhong and Jun Lou and Zhiting Tian",

year = "2025",

doi = "10.1038/s41467-025-61334-8",

language = "English",

volume = "16",

journal = "Nature Communications",

issn = "2041-1723",

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}

Dai, J, Fang, Q, Alvarez, GA, Schaeffer, A, Page, KA, Kim, J, Kielar, SM, Christiansen-Salameh, J, Jeong, E, Bhagwandin, DD, Kwon, J, Tran, LD, Islam, MS, Roy, AK, Glavin, NR, Zhong, Y, Lou, J & Tian, Z 2025, 'Directly measured high in-plane thermal conductivity of two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks', Nature Communications, vol. 16, 6476. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-61334-8

TY - JOUR

T1 - Directly measured high in-plane thermal conductivity of two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks

AU - Dai, Jinghang

AU - Fang, Qiyi

AU - Alvarez, Gustavo A.

AU - Schaeffer, Amelia

AU - Page, Kirt A.

AU - Kim, Jiyoung

AU - Kielar, Samuel M.

AU - Christiansen-Salameh, Joyce

AU - Jeong, Eugene

AU - Bhagwandin, Dayanni D.

AU - Kwon, Jinha

AU - Tran, Ly D.

AU - Islam, Md. Sherajul

AU - Roy, Ajit K.

AU - Glavin, Nicholas R.

AU - Zhong, Yu

AU - Lou, Jun

AU - Tian, Zhiting

PY - 2025

Y1 - 2025

N2 - Two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks are promising low-density porous materials for lightweight thermal management, yet comprehensive thermal conductivity measurements remain scarce. Particularly, direct in-plane thermal conductivity data for large-area, fully suspended covalent organic framework thin films has not been reported previously. This study addresses this gap by measuring in-plane and cross-plane thermal conductivities of two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks with varying pore sizes using laser-based pump-probe techniques. Transient thermal grating spectroscopy revealed a high in-plane thermal conductivity of 1.18 ± 0.21 W/(m⋅K) for a sample with a 1.4 nm pore size, highlighting a notable pore size effect. Cross-plane thermal conductivity measured via frequency-domain thermoreflectance indicated weak thermal anisotropy for samples with larger pores. Grazing-incident wide-angle X-ray scattering provided structural insights and clarified heat conduction mechanisms. These direct in-plane thermal conductivity measurements enhance understanding of thermal transport behaviors in covalent organic frameworks, supporting their development as advanced thermal management materials. © The Author(s) 2025.

AB - Two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks are promising low-density porous materials for lightweight thermal management, yet comprehensive thermal conductivity measurements remain scarce. Particularly, direct in-plane thermal conductivity data for large-area, fully suspended covalent organic framework thin films has not been reported previously. This study addresses this gap by measuring in-plane and cross-plane thermal conductivities of two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks with varying pore sizes using laser-based pump-probe techniques. Transient thermal grating spectroscopy revealed a high in-plane thermal conductivity of 1.18 ± 0.21 W/(m⋅K) for a sample with a 1.4 nm pore size, highlighting a notable pore size effect. Cross-plane thermal conductivity measured via frequency-domain thermoreflectance indicated weak thermal anisotropy for samples with larger pores. Grazing-incident wide-angle X-ray scattering provided structural insights and clarified heat conduction mechanisms. These direct in-plane thermal conductivity measurements enhance understanding of thermal transport behaviors in covalent organic frameworks, supporting their development as advanced thermal management materials. © The Author(s) 2025.

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105010601571

UR - https://www.scopus.com/record/pubmetrics.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105010601571&origin=recordpage

U2 - 10.1038/s41467-025-61334-8

DO - 10.1038/s41467-025-61334-8

M3 - RGC 21 - Publication in refereed journal

C2 - 40659640

SN - 2041-1723

VL - 16

JO - Nature Communications

JF - Nature Communications

M1 - 6476

ER -

Directly measured high in-plane thermal conductivity of two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks

Abstract

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