Diffuse view factors between burner flame and enclosed surfaces in a rotary kiln incinerator

Rotary kilns are not only used in industries requiring a high temperature environment but also in treating solid or liquid hazardous wastes. However, due to the complex nature of such kilns, only a few modelling works exist for them. Although a number of studies have considered the radiation exchange between solid surface and the kiln wall at different axial positions, the diffuse view factor between burner flame and other enclosed surfaces is still lacking. The present work focuses on this topic. Through contour integration and numerical integration, the diffuse view factors between the burner flame and the solid bed upper surface of the kiln walls will be evaluated.