Development of training image database for subsurface stratigraphy

Image-based stochastic simulation methods, such as multiple point statistics (MPS), can be viewed as a physics-informed Bayesian learning approach, which samples typical stratigraphic patterns from a single training image for onward conditional modelling of subsurface stratigraphy. A training image is essentially a prior geological model, which comprises representative stratigraphic connectivity at the site of interest. One key difficulty hindering wide application of image-based geological modelling methods is the lack of qualified training images. In this study, a systematic framework is proposed to develop training image databases for conditional simulations of subsurface stratigraphy. Collected training images can be further categorised based on three key factors, namely, geological origin, site location and application scenario. As a pilot study, a total of 54 geological cross-sections, mainly interpreted by experienced engineering practitioners, for weathered granite and tuff slopes in Hong Kong are collected and compiled as two training image databases. To demonstrate value and application of the established training image databases, subsurface stratigraphy for real weathered granite slope examples are used as illustrative examples, and stratigraphic uncertainty is also quantified. Results indicate that training image databases are of great significance for subsurface stratigraphy and uncertainty quantification, particularly when only limited site-specific data are available. © 2023 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.