Developing Perovskite Solar Cells for Solar Energy Harvesting

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are considered a promising potential photovoltaic technology for the next generation of solar cells due to their power conversion efficiency (PCE) approaching 26% owing to their outstanding photovoltaic characteristics, including tunable bandgaps, high carrier mobilities, long carrier lifetimes, and high absorption coefficients. This presentation discusses the advancement of technology towards developing perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with high stability and power conversion efficiency (PCE). Sn-based PSCs (without Pb) are promising alternatives for Pbbased PSCs because Sn exhibits lesser toxicity when compared to that of Pb. The strategies used to achieve high PCE and stability for Pb-free PSCs will be discussed at first. Then, the various strategies for Pb-based PSCs with high PCE (including >26%) and stability (including >240 days) will be discussed, including additives, buried interface related, hole transport layer (HTL)-related, defect/grain engineering and passivation, electron transport layer (ETL) and utilization of ambient conditions and/or water, ion migration, Dion-Jacobson/hybrid perovskites, interlayer/molecular bridge/buried-metal-grid electrodes, flexible/bifacial perovskites, and facet/lattice engineering. Furthermore, the various strategies for tandem solar cells (TSCs) with high PCE and stability will be discussed, including all perovskite TSCs, perovskite-organic TSCs, perovskite-silicon TSCs, perovskite-Cu(InGa) Se₂ TSCs, and perovskite-CuInSe₂ TSCs. This presentation will also discuss various promising strategies, including passivating the defects, enhancing hole extraction, suppressing the non-radiative recombination, lowering the defects at the buried interface, mitigating the ion migration, removing the lattice strain, reducing the VOC deficit, tuning the performance of the narrow bandgap (NBG) and wide bandgap (WBG) subcells, eliminating the reverse bias, developing suitable tunneling recombination layers or transparent conducting oxide (TCO) interlayers for connecting top and bottom sub-cells, and bandgap matching between subcells, and electrical and optical enhancement for the subcells.