Designs and Challenges in Fluid Antenna System Hardware

Fluid Antenna Systems (FASs) have recently emerged as a promising solution to address the demanding performance indicators (KPIs) and scalability challenges of future 6G mobile communications. By enabling agile control over both radiating position and antenna shape, FAS can significantly improve diversity gain and reduce outage probability through dynamic selection of the optimal radiation point, also known as port. Numerous theoretical studies have explored novel FAS concepts, often in conjunction with other wireless communication technologies such as multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA), Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS), Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC), backscatter communication, and Semantic communication. To validate these theoretical concepts, several early-stage FAS hardware prototypes have been developed, including liquid–metal fluid antennas, mechanically movable antennas, pixel-reconfigurable antennas, and meta-fluid antennas. Initial measurements have demonstrated the potential advantages of FAS. This article provides a brief review of these early FAS hardware technologies. Furthermore, we share our vision for future hardware development and the corresponding challenges, aiming to fully release the potential of FAS and stimulate further research and development within the antenna research community. © 2025 by the authors.