Coordinated Integration of Electric Vehicles in Joint Electricity and Carbon Markets

This study presents a distribution-level planning and pricing framework for electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure under carbon-aware operational conditions. Emphasizing carbon accountability at the consumer end, we introduce a double-layer carbon cost mechanism that reflects emissions from both upstream power generation and downstream consumption. A carbon emission flow (CEF) model is adopted to quantify nodal carbon intensities within the distribution network, which are subsequently embedded into a dynamic EV charging pricing scheme. The framework further integrates an EV traffic flow model that captures the interaction between charging decisions, route selection, and spatial energy demands across the transport network. Charging station deployment is optimized by considering traffic-based demand capture, grid constraints, and environmental impact. Simulation results on a coupled power-traffic test system validate that the proposed method reduces EV-related carbon emissions and peak demand stress while maintaining charging efficiency. This approach contributes a scalable, market-compatible solution to support low-carbon mobility and sustainable urban energy planning. © 2025 IEEE.