Control Algorithms for Energy Storage Systems to Reduce Distribution Power Loss of Microgrids

In both AC and DC microgrids, due to the high penetrations of intermittent renewable energy sources (RESs), energy storage systems (ESSs)such as batteries, flywheels, and ultracapacitors are required in the system to achieve a real-time power balance. This chapter presents four control algorithms, i.e. an adaptive differential evolution (ADE)-based hierarchical control, a particle swarm optimization (PSO)-based hierarchical control, and two predictive control-based hierarchical controls to lower the line loss of microgrids with distributed battery system (DBS) and electric spring (ES). A centralized model prediction control with adaptive weighting factors is presented. It is adopted to lower the power loss on the distribution lines of DC microgrids with the DCES. Details of the topologies, equivalent circuits, and local control strategies of the ES are provided. Simulation-based case studies are conducted to verify the proposed control scheme. © 2021 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.