Concept and ventilation performance demonstration of graded ventilation

Advanced air distribution is essential for the energy-efficient provision of thermal comfort and indoor air quality. This study proposes a novel advanced air distribution, i.e., graded ventilation. The airflow pattern of graded ventilation is characterized by a bimodal distribution of vertical air velocity and a unimodal distribution of vertical air temperature. Graded ventilation possesses four mechanisms for high energy-efficient provision of thermal comfort and indoor air quality. First, graded ventilation has a high conditioned air supply efficiency into the occupied zone, particularly the head level, for both thermal comfort and indoor air quality, due to the push-down and pull-down forces of the internal airflow recycling. Second, graded ventilation decouples outdoor fresh air and return air, with high outdoor fresh air supply efficiency for indoor air quality. Third, graded ventilation utilizes higher-quality conditioned air for the zone, which is more critical to thermal comfort and indoor air quality. Fourth, graded ventilation only handles the cooling load of the outdoor fresh air without handling the cooling load of the return air. Case studies demonstrate that compared with mixing ventilation, Type-I stratum ventilation, Type-II stratum ventilation, and interactive cascade ventilation, graded ventilation improves energy efficiency by 49.7%–55.4%, 24.8%–29.1%, 16.3%–23.3%, and 8.4%–12.3% respectively for thermal comfort and indoor air quality. Therefore, this study advances air distribution for low-carbon, thermally comfortable, and healthy buildings. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd