Comprehensive review on emerging nanotechnologies for combating COVID-19 and future pandemic preparedness

Since its emergence in China in December 2019, the outbreak of COVID-19 caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has escalated into a global pandemic emergency, demanding immediate and coordinated international action. This comprehensive review offers a broad, interdisciplinary perspective, exploring how advancements in nanotechnologies can aid in the battle against COVID-19 and other infectious diseases, with an emphasis on future pandemic preparedness. By analyzing the virus's life cycle, we identify key points where nanotechnology can be effective. Nanoparticles (NPs) can inactivate viruses through photothermal or photocatalysis-induced reactive oxygen species generation, offering potential healthcare applications. Nanotechnology can also revolutionize diagnostics by creating simple, rapid, and cost-effective assays for SARS-CoV-2 detection. Additionally, it can facilitate targeted drug delivery to the lungs, disrupting the interaction between ACE2 receptors and the viral S protein. Furthermore, the exemplary innovative strategies pertinent to nanomaterials in antiviral research on SARS-CoV-2 are also concisely recapped with a primary focus on interrupting the virus's life cycle to effectively combat it. In conclusion, emerging nanotechnologies stands as a vital tool in the fight against COVID-19 and will be indispensable in preparing for and mitigating the impact of future pandemics. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.