Church, a "Sacred Event" and the Visual Perspective of an "Etic Observer": an 18th-Century Western-Style Chinese Painting held in the Bibliothèque nationale de France

This paper deals with an 18^th century oil painting produced by non-court painter(s) using Western techniques that conveys an etic viewer’s (an outsider’s) perspective of the depicted events. The artwork portrays an unusually solemn Christian procession which took place in a courtyard garden of a church in Beijing. Through the examination of contemporary accounts of rituals practised at the French North Church Beitang 北堂 in Beijing, and two recently discovered 19^th century architectural drawings held by the Library of Congress, Washington D.C., this paper will begin with an iconographic analysis of the ritual depiction. Special attention is paid to the etic narration – the way in which the ritual event has been visually translated and re-constructed. Based on this discussion, I move to a stylistic analysis and reveal its European influences by comparing this painting with other contemporary or later narrative works by missionary court artists and their Chinese helpers, for instance the Wanshuyuan ciyan tu 萬樹園賜宴圖 (Imperial Banquet in the Garden of Ten Thousand Trees, 1755). Finally, in the context of Qing court art productions, I analyse how Western pictorial narration influenced the traditional Chinese portrayal of ceremonial events.