Chemical Treatment of Sn-Containing Transparent Conducting Oxides for the Enhanced Adhesion and Thermal Stability of Electroplated Metals

A surface treatment process, named ReTreat, is presented, and is shown to enhance the adhesion of electroplated metals on Sn-containing transparent conducting oxides (TCOs). The ReTreat process uses Zn powders, FeSO₄ and glycine-buffered aqueous solutions (pH 3 to 5) in order to regulate a controlled and uniform conversion of SnO₂ surfaces to SnO, Sn metal, and Fe_xSn_y alloys. These surface metallic and intermetallic layers selectively enrich the electroplating of metallic films (including Ni, Au, and Ag). Subsequently, the process has been used to fabricate thermally stable metal films on rigid FTO-coated glass and flexible ITO-coated PET substrates. Standardized testing confirms that the metallic coatings exhibit sufficient adhesion to the underlying TCO with high thermal stability and tolerance to flexural strain. A reaction mechanism for the heterogenous surface treatment is deduced from X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and in situ transmittance measurements. These investigations show how the process parameters (e.g., Zn powders, FeSO₄ concentration, pH, and TCO type) impact the reaction rate, morphology, and composition of the treated TCO surface. This report provides detailed insights necessary for the future implementation of this innovative surface treatment, which has the prospect to be a customary process for electroplating onto Sn-containing TCOs. © 2022 The Authors. Advanced Materials Interfaces published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.