TY - JOUR
T1 - Auxochrome Dimethyl-Dihydroacridine Improves Fluorophores for Prolonged Live-Cell Super-Resolution Imaging
AU - Ren, Xiaojie
AU - Wang, Chao
AU - Wu, Xia
AU - Rong, Mengtao
AU - Huang, Rong
AU - Liang, Qin
AU - Shen, Tianruo
AU - Sun, Hongyan
AU - Zhang, Ruilong
AU - Zhang, Zhongping
AU - Liu, Xiaogang
AU - Song, Xiangzhi
AU - Foley, James W.
PY - 2024/3/13
Y1 - 2024/3/13
N2 - Superior photostability, minimal phototoxicity, red-shifted absorption/emission wavelengths, high brightness, and an enlarged Stokes shift are essential characteristics of top-tier organic fluorophores, particularly for long-lasting super-resolution imaging in live cells (e.g., via stimulated emission depletion (STED) nanoscopy). However, few existing fluorophores possess all of these properties. In this study, we demonstrate a general approach for simultaneously enhancing these parameters through the introduction of 9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine (DMA) as an electron-donating auxochrome. DMA not only induces red shifts in emission wavelengths but also suppresses photooxidative reactions and prevents the formation of triplet states in DMA-based fluorophores, greatly improving photostability and remarkably minimizing phototoxicity. Moreover, the DMA group enhances the fluorophores’ brightness and enlarges the Stokes shift. Importantly, the “universal” benefits of attaching the DMA auxochrome have been exemplified in various fluorophores including rhodamines, difluoride-boron complexes, and coumarin derivatives. The resulting fluorophores successfully enabled the STED imaging of organelles and HaloTag-labeled membrane proteins. © 2024 American Chemical Society.
AB - Superior photostability, minimal phototoxicity, red-shifted absorption/emission wavelengths, high brightness, and an enlarged Stokes shift are essential characteristics of top-tier organic fluorophores, particularly for long-lasting super-resolution imaging in live cells (e.g., via stimulated emission depletion (STED) nanoscopy). However, few existing fluorophores possess all of these properties. In this study, we demonstrate a general approach for simultaneously enhancing these parameters through the introduction of 9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine (DMA) as an electron-donating auxochrome. DMA not only induces red shifts in emission wavelengths but also suppresses photooxidative reactions and prevents the formation of triplet states in DMA-based fluorophores, greatly improving photostability and remarkably minimizing phototoxicity. Moreover, the DMA group enhances the fluorophores’ brightness and enlarges the Stokes shift. Importantly, the “universal” benefits of attaching the DMA auxochrome have been exemplified in various fluorophores including rhodamines, difluoride-boron complexes, and coumarin derivatives. The resulting fluorophores successfully enabled the STED imaging of organelles and HaloTag-labeled membrane proteins. © 2024 American Chemical Society.
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U2 - 10.1021/jacs.3c11823
DO - 10.1021/jacs.3c11823
M3 - RGC 21 - Publication in refereed journal
C2 - 38422385
SN - 0002-7863
VL - 146
SP - 6566
EP - 6579
JO - Journal of the American Chemical Society
JF - Journal of the American Chemical Society
IS - 10
ER -