TY - JOUR
T1 - Astaxanthin as a King of Ketocarotenoids
T2 - Structure, Synthesis, Accumulation, Bioavailability and Antioxidant Properties
AU - Nair, Anagha
AU - Ahirwar, Ankesh
AU - Singh, Shashikala
AU - Lodhi, Reeta
AU - Lodhi, Aishwarya
AU - Rai, Anshuman
AU - Jadhav, Dipak A
AU - Harish,
AU - Varjani, Sunita
AU - Singh, Gurpreet
AU - Marchand, Justine
AU - Schoefs, Benoît
AU - Vinayak, Vandana
PY - 2023/3
Y1 - 2023/3
N2 - Astaxanthin (3,3-dihydroxy-β, β-carotene-4,4-dione) is a ketocarotenoid synthesized by Haematococcus pluvialis/lacustris, Chromochloris zofingiensis, Chlorococcum, Bracteacoccus aggregatus, Coelastrella rubescence, Phaffia rhodozyma, some bacteria (Paracoccus carotinifaciens), yeasts, and lobsters, among others However, it is majorly synthesized by Haematococcus lacustris alone (about 4%). The richness of natural astaxanthin over synthetic astaxanthin has drawn the attention of industrialists to cultivate and extract it via two stage cultivation process. However, the cultivation in photobioreactors is expensive, and converting it in soluble form so that it can be easily assimilated by our digestive system requires downstream processing techniques which are not cost-effective. This has made the cost of astaxanthin expensive, prompting pharmaceutical and nutraceutical companies to switch over to synthetic astaxanthin. This review discusses the chemical character of astaxanthin, more inexpensive cultivating techniques, and its bioavailability. Additionally, the antioxidant character of this microalgal product against many diseases is discussed, which can make this natural compound an excellent drug to minimize inflammation and its consequences. © 2023 by the authors.
AB - Astaxanthin (3,3-dihydroxy-β, β-carotene-4,4-dione) is a ketocarotenoid synthesized by Haematococcus pluvialis/lacustris, Chromochloris zofingiensis, Chlorococcum, Bracteacoccus aggregatus, Coelastrella rubescence, Phaffia rhodozyma, some bacteria (Paracoccus carotinifaciens), yeasts, and lobsters, among others However, it is majorly synthesized by Haematococcus lacustris alone (about 4%). The richness of natural astaxanthin over synthetic astaxanthin has drawn the attention of industrialists to cultivate and extract it via two stage cultivation process. However, the cultivation in photobioreactors is expensive, and converting it in soluble form so that it can be easily assimilated by our digestive system requires downstream processing techniques which are not cost-effective. This has made the cost of astaxanthin expensive, prompting pharmaceutical and nutraceutical companies to switch over to synthetic astaxanthin. This review discusses the chemical character of astaxanthin, more inexpensive cultivating techniques, and its bioavailability. Additionally, the antioxidant character of this microalgal product against many diseases is discussed, which can make this natural compound an excellent drug to minimize inflammation and its consequences. © 2023 by the authors.
KW - astaxanthin
KW - antioxidant
KW - accumulation
KW - carotenoids
KW - synthesis
KW - stress
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85151167889&partnerID=8YFLogxK
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U2 - 10.3390/md21030176
DO - 10.3390/md21030176
M3 - RGC 21 - Publication in refereed journal
C2 - 36976225
SN - 1660-3397
VL - 21
JO - Marine Drugs
JF - Marine Drugs
IS - 3
M1 - 176
ER -