Application of nanomaterials for enhanced production of biodiesel, biooil, biogas, bioethanol, and biohydrogen via lignocellulosic biomass transformation

Due to climate change and environmental damage, sustainability has gained momentum. Environmental concerns, such as the greenhouse gas (GHG) effect caused by a wide variety of reasons, including the excessive use of fossil fuels, have forced the hunt for green energy and biofuel possibilities. Humanity is looking for cleaner fuels to satisfy energy requirements and preserve the world for future generations. Biofuels must be produced in huge quantities, although efficient alternatives do not meet with the current technologies. Catalyst nanoparticles can make the existing technologies more selective, productive, and can improve quality. Biofuel's feedstock is available and can significantly cut fossil fuel usage with improved processing. In this perspective, we focused on production of biofuels using various feedstocks, such as pyrolysis, directed mixing, micro-emulsion, transesterification (biodiesel manufacturing techniques), and hydrolysis, acidic genesis, acetogenesis, methanogenesis (biogas fabrication techniques), and pyrolysis. Nevertheless, the production of biofuels poses certain notable hurdles. Raw material costs and the option for the use of convenient innovation for effective biofuel production are talked about repeatedly, as is the accessibility of commercially attractive nanoparticles and the organic comprehension of the nanomaterial and protein system, and the suitability of enzymes and nanomaterials to microorganisms. Therefore, nanoparticle-based biofuel production has huge inherent potential, and a lot more study needs to be done to address the technological restrictions of liquid biofuels production.

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