AI-integrated multifunctional phase change e-skin: synergizing thermal management with multimodal sensing

This study proposes an innovative preparation strategy for composite phase change materials (PCMs) based on flexible polymer networks, addressing the urgent market demand for AI-compatible electronic skins. By encapsulating PCMs within a PVDF polymer framework and leveraging layered manufacturing and integrated assembly techniques, flexible composite PCMs that synergize thermal management with intelligent sensing have been successfully developed. The resulting material demonstrates dual-function superiority: 1) Thermal Performance: A single-layer packaging efficiency of 96.7% is achieved at a minimal thickness of 0.25 mm, with the photothermal/electrothermal conversion efficiency reaching 82.3% while retaining 92% of the initial enthalpy after 500 cycles. 2) Mechanical Robustness: Liquid metal films exhibit tensile strength up to 150 MPa, with hot-pressed samples demonstrating exceptional brittleness resistance. 3) Smart Integration: Real-time multimodal force sensing is achieved through force–thermal coupling effects, which were validated in photothermal/electrothermal experiments with precise temperature regulation via interruption effects. This breakthrough establishes a new paradigm for next-generation electronic skins, simultaneously fulfilling energy conversion efficiency and tactile responsiveness requirements. These findings hold significant promise for applications in medical robotics, industrial inspection, and consumer electronics, paving the way for adaptive human–machine interfaces. © 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of The Chinese Ceramic Society.