Age of Information in Time-Slotted Wireless Status Updating System Under Generic Updating Interval: Statistical Characteristics and Optimal Updating Interval

Tianci Zhang; Songlin Yang; Zhengchuan Chen; Zhong Tian; Dapeng O. Wu; Tony Q.S. Quek

doi:10.1109/TVT.2026.3674971

Age of Information in Time-Slotted Wireless Status Updating System Under Generic Updating Interval: Statistical Characteristics and Optimal Updating Interval

Tianci Zhang
, Songlin Yang
, Zhengchuan Chen^*
, Zhong Tian
, Dapeng O. Wu
, Tony Q.S. Quek

^*Corresponding author for this work

Department of Computer Science

Research output: Journal Publications and Reviews › RGC 21 - Publication in refereed journal › peer-review

Abstract

This work studies information freshness in the time-slotted wireless IoT status updating system with the generic update generation interval (UGI). The system is modeled as G/Geo/1/1 preemptive queue. Based on a multi-dimensional age process (MDAP), the statistical characteristics of the age of information (AoI) and peak AoI are analysed. The MDAP consists of AoI and time elapsed since the latest update generation. The distributions, averages, and variances of the AoI and peak AoI are obtained. The duty cycle of IoT device (IoTD) is also found with the help of MDAP. To jointly improve the freshness and reduce IoTD energy cost, the UGI distribution is optimized and the weighted sum of average AoI and duty cycle is minimized. The optimum is determined implicitly, and exactly found via an algorithm. Numerical results validate the theoretical results, and illustrate the effectiveness of UGI distribution optimization.

© 2026 IEEE. All rights reserved, including rights for text and data mining and training of artificial intelligence and similar technologies. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.

Original language	English
Number of pages	6
Journal	IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2026.3674971
Publication status	Online published - 17 Mar 2026

Funding

This work is supported in part by National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant No. 2023YFB2904100, in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 62271092, in part by Project supported by Graduate Research and Innovation Foundation of Chongqing, China (Grant No. CYB240028), in part by Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, China under Grant No. CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0933 and Grant No. CSTB2025NSCQ-GPX1286, in part by Key Laboratory of Cognitive Radio and Information Processing, Ministry of Education under Grant No. CRKL240203, in part by Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF under Grant No. GZC20242130, in part by Project funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Grant No. 2024M753836, in part by Program of China Scholarship Council under Grant No. 202506050009, in part by Xiaomi Young Talents Program.

Research Keywords

AoI
generic update generation interval
PAoI

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title = "Age of Information in Time-Slotted Wireless Status Updating System Under Generic Updating Interval: Statistical Characteristics and Optimal Updating Interval",

abstract = "This work studies information freshness in the time-slotted wireless IoT status updating system with the generic update generation interval (UGI). The system is modeled as G/Geo/1/1 preemptive queue. Based on a multi-dimensional age process (MDAP), the statistical characteristics of the age of information (AoI) and peak AoI are analysed. The MDAP consists of AoI and time elapsed since the latest update generation. The distributions, averages, and variances of the AoI and peak AoI are obtained. The duty cycle of IoT device (IoTD) is also found with the help of MDAP. To jointly improve the freshness and reduce IoTD energy cost, the UGI distribution is optimized and the weighted sum of average AoI and duty cycle is minimized. The optimum is determined implicitly, and exactly found via an algorithm. Numerical results validate the theoretical results, and illustrate the effectiveness of UGI distribution optimization. {\textcopyright} 2026 IEEE. All rights reserved, including rights for text and data mining and training of artificial intelligence and similar technologies. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. ",

keywords = "AoI, generic update generation interval, PAoI",

author = "Tianci Zhang and Songlin Yang and Zhengchuan Chen and Zhong Tian and Wu, \{Dapeng O.\} and Quek, \{Tony Q.S.\}",

year = "2026",

month = mar,

day = "17",

doi = "10.1109/TVT.2026.3674971",

language = "English",

journal = "IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology",

issn = "0018-9545",

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Age of Information in Time-Slotted Wireless Status Updating System Under Generic Updating Interval: Statistical Characteristics and Optimal Updating Interval. / Zhang, Tianci; Yang, Songlin; Chen, Zhengchuan et al.
In: IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 17.03.2026.

Research output: Journal Publications and Reviews › RGC 21 - Publication in refereed journal › peer-review

TY - JOUR

T1 - Age of Information in Time-Slotted Wireless Status Updating System Under Generic Updating Interval

T2 - Statistical Characteristics and Optimal Updating Interval

AU - Zhang, Tianci

AU - Yang, Songlin

AU - Chen, Zhengchuan

AU - Tian, Zhong

AU - Wu, Dapeng O.

AU - Quek, Tony Q.S.

PY - 2026/3/17

Y1 - 2026/3/17

N2 - This work studies information freshness in the time-slotted wireless IoT status updating system with the generic update generation interval (UGI). The system is modeled as G/Geo/1/1 preemptive queue. Based on a multi-dimensional age process (MDAP), the statistical characteristics of the age of information (AoI) and peak AoI are analysed. The MDAP consists of AoI and time elapsed since the latest update generation. The distributions, averages, and variances of the AoI and peak AoI are obtained. The duty cycle of IoT device (IoTD) is also found with the help of MDAP. To jointly improve the freshness and reduce IoTD energy cost, the UGI distribution is optimized and the weighted sum of average AoI and duty cycle is minimized. The optimum is determined implicitly, and exactly found via an algorithm. Numerical results validate the theoretical results, and illustrate the effectiveness of UGI distribution optimization. © 2026 IEEE. All rights reserved, including rights for text and data mining and training of artificial intelligence and similar technologies. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.

AB - This work studies information freshness in the time-slotted wireless IoT status updating system with the generic update generation interval (UGI). The system is modeled as G/Geo/1/1 preemptive queue. Based on a multi-dimensional age process (MDAP), the statistical characteristics of the age of information (AoI) and peak AoI are analysed. The MDAP consists of AoI and time elapsed since the latest update generation. The distributions, averages, and variances of the AoI and peak AoI are obtained. The duty cycle of IoT device (IoTD) is also found with the help of MDAP. To jointly improve the freshness and reduce IoTD energy cost, the UGI distribution is optimized and the weighted sum of average AoI and duty cycle is minimized. The optimum is determined implicitly, and exactly found via an algorithm. Numerical results validate the theoretical results, and illustrate the effectiveness of UGI distribution optimization. © 2026 IEEE. All rights reserved, including rights for text and data mining and training of artificial intelligence and similar technologies. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.

KW - AoI

KW - generic update generation interval

KW - PAoI

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DO - 10.1109/TVT.2026.3674971

M3 - RGC 21 - Publication in refereed journal

SN - 0018-9545

JO - IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology

JF - IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology

ER -

Age of Information in Time-Slotted Wireless Status Updating System Under Generic Updating Interval: Statistical Characteristics and Optimal Updating Interval

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