Advancements in environmental microplastic removal and upcycling techniques

Microplastics (MPs) are pervasive, persistent, and complex pollutants that pose a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems and human health. However, the effectiveness of existing removal technologies is often constrained by low efficiency, limited specificity, and environmental challenges, highlighting the need for systematic analysis and comparison. Recently, MPs have also been recognized as potential feedstocks for conversion into valuable products. This review critically evaluates both mainstream and emerging strategies for MPs removal, covering physical, chemical, and biological methods alongside innovative approaches such as microrobot-assisted capture, solar-driven adsorption platforms, electron beam irradiation, and advanced microbial screening. Furthermore, advanced upcycling techniques that enable the synergistic conversion of MPs into high-value outputs— such as hydrogen, micro power, fuels, graphene, and battery materials—are discussed. Thus, synergistic benefits can be achieved by integrating removal and upcycling approaches, achieving environmental purification and sustainable resource recovery simultaneously. These integrated strategies align with circular economic principles and offer a transformative pathway for mitigating plastic pollution while generating renewable resources. This review provides practical insights into future technological innovations, and supports the development of circular economic practices for effective and sustainable MPs management. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd.